Capítulo 2. 8. Tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo

Bibliografía
 

1.- Giuntini C, Di Ricco G, Marini C, et al. Epidemiology. Chest 1995 (suppl); 107: 3S-9S.
2.- Elgazzar A. Scintigraphic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: Unraveling the confusion seven years after PIOPED. In Freeman L ed.: Nuclear Medicine annual 1997. Ed Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Piladelphia 1997.
3.- Moser K, Fedullo P, LitteJohn J et al. Frequent asynptomatic pulmonary embolism in patient with deep venous thrombosis. JAMA 1994; 271: 1908. 
4.- Alpert J, Smith R, Carlson C, et al. Mortality in patients treated for pulmonary embolism. JAMA 1976; 236: 1477-1480.
5.- Goldhaber S, De Rosa M, Visani L. International cooperative pulmonary embolism registry detects high mortality rate. Circulation 1997; 96: Suppl I:I-159.
6.- Palevsky H. The problems of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of pulomonary embolism. Sem Nuclear Med . 1991; 21: 276-280.
7.- Goldhaber A. Pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 93-104.
8.- Ginsberg J. Management of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1816-1828.
9.- Morpurgo M, Schmid C. Clinico-pathological correlations in pulmonary embolism: a posteriori evaluation. Prog Respir Res 1980; 13: 8-15.
10.- Marik P, Andrews L, Maini B. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in ICU patients. Chest 1997; 111: 661-664.
11.- Gomez A; Lozano F: Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. Salamanca 1991.
12.- Gil A, Pérez L, Lobato A, Cercas A. Alteraciones hemodinámicas en el embolismo pulmonar agudo. En A. Jareño, A Cercas ed: Embolismo pulmonar agudo: progresos y problemas. Ed MCR, Barcelona 1992.
13.- Lualdi J, Goldhaber S. Right ventricular dysfunction after acute plmonary embolism: pathophysiologic factors, detection, and therapeutic implications. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 1276-1282. 
14.- Gil A, Maraver J, Sampedro A, Trigo C. Alteraciones pulmonares en el embolismo pulmonar agudo. En A Jareño, A Cercas ed.: Embolismo pulmonar agudo: progresos y problemas. Ed MCR Barcelona 1992.
15.- Stein P, Henry J. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism stratified according to their presenting syndromes. Chest 1997; 112:974-979. 
16.- Mandelli V, Schmid C, Zogno C, Morpurgo M. False negatives and false positives in acute pulmonary embolism: a clinical postmortem comparison. Cardiologia 1997; 42: 205-210.
17.- Chia B, Tan H, Lim Y. Right sided chest lead electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1997; 61: 43-46.
18.- Ferrari E, Imbert A, Chevalier T, et al. The ECG in pulmonary embolism. Chest 1997; 111: 537-543.
19.- Perrier A. Noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Haematologica 1997; 82: 328-331.
20.- PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. JAMA 1990; 263: 2753-2759.
21.- Fennerty T. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. BMJ 1997; 314: 425-429.
22.- Hull R, Raskob G, Ginsberg J, et al. A non invasive strategy for the treatment of patients with suspected pulmonary embolim. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 289-297.
23.- Ayuela J, Pérez J, Fernández J. Función ventricular derecha. Embolismo pulmonar. En Técnicas ecocardiográficas en Medicina Intensiva. Ed MCR. Barcelona 1996.
24.- Castro A, Vargas-Machuca J, Valenzuela F. Ecocardiografía en trombolembolismo pulmonar agudo. En A Jareño, A Cercas ed: embolismo pulmonar: progresos y problemas. Ed MCR. Barcelona 1992.
25.- Pruszczyk P, Torbicki A, Pacho E, et al. Non invasive diagnosis of suspected severe pulmonary embolism: transesophael echocardiography vs spiral CT. Chest 1997; 112: 722-728.
26.- Stein P, Anthanasoulis C, Alavi A, et al. Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1992; 85: 462-468.
27.- Mehra M, Bode F. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in Civetta J ed: Cirtical Care. Philadelphia 1997.
28.- Jareño A. Tromboembolismo pulmonar. En Ginestal R Ed: Libro de texto de Cuidados Intensivos. Ed Ela-Aran 1991.
29.- Tapson V. Pulmonary embolism: new diagnostic approaches. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1449-1451.
30.- Cronan J, Dorfman G. Advances in ultrasound imaging of venous thrombosis. Semin Nucl Med 1991; 21: 297-312.
31.- Wells P, Brill-Edwards P. Stevens P, et al. A novel and rapid whole-blood assay for D-dimer in patients wth clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis. Circulation 1995; 91: 2184-2187.
32.- Schaible T, Alavi A. Antifibrin scintigraphy in the diagnostic evaluation of acute deep venous thrombosis. Semin Nucl Med 1991; 21: 313-324.
33.- Barrit D.W., Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism : a controlled trial. Lancet 1960; 1. 1309-12.
34.- Duroux P. Simonneau U. et al. Therapeutic acute pulmonary embolism. Intensive Care Med. 1984; 10. 99-102. 
35.- Duranceau A., Jamieson CC., Jones RH., et al. An experimental model of pulmonary embolism. J. Surg. Resp. 1979; 26. 33-34.
36.- Malik AB. Zee HVD. Time course of pulmonary vascular respose to microembolization. J. Appl Physiol. 1977; 43. 51-58.
37.- Daniel T., Layish MD., Victor F. Tapson. Pharmacologic hemodinamic support in masive pulmonary embolism. Chest 1997; 111. 218-24.
38.- Molloy DW., Lee KY., Girling L. et al. Treatment of shock in a canine model of pulmonary embolism. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1984; 130. 870-74.
39.- Ducas J. Stitz M. Gu S. Et al. Pulmonary vascular pressure flow characteristic : effect of dopamine before and after pumonary embolism. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1992 ; 146. 307-12.
40.- Hyers TM. Hull RD. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease . Chest 1989 956; Suppl. 37S .515.
41.- Carter BL. Therapy of acute Thromboembolism with heparin and warfarin. Clin. Pharm. 1991. 10; 503-518.
42.- Palmer A, Schramm W, Kirchhof B, et al. Low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin for prevention of thrombo-embolism in general surgery; a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Haemostasis 1997; 27: 65-74.
43.- Bergqvist D, Benoni G, Bjorgell O, et al. Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement. N engl J Med 1996; 335: 696-700.
44.- Simonneau G., Sors H., Hervè M., Charbonnier B, et al. A comparison of low molecular weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. New Eng. J. Med. 1997; 337 663-69.
45.- Toglia MR, Weg JG, Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med 1996; 335; 108-114.
46.- Callander N, Rapaport S. Trousseau´s syndrome . West J. Med. 1993; 158: 364-71.
47.- Hull RD., Raskub GE., Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med . 1990; 322. 1260-64.
48.- Warkentin TE. Heparin – induced thrombocitopenia : IgG- mediated platelet activation , platelet microparticle generation, and altered pro coagulant/anticoagulant balance in the phatogenesis of thrombosis and venous limb gangrena complicating heparin induced thrombocitopenya. Transfus. Med. Rev. 1996; 10: 249-58.
49.- Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14 year study of heparin induced thrombocytopenia . Am. J. Med. 1996; 101: 502-7.
50.- Cannon C, Goldhaber S. Cardiovascular risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 1149-1151. 
51.- The Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial (UPET). A national cooperative study. 1973; 47 Supp 2 , 1-108.
52.- Urokinase-Streptokinase Embolism trial (USPET). Phase 2 Results. A cooperative study. JAMA 1974. 229; 1606-13.
53.- Meneveau N, Schiele F, Vuillemenot A, et al Streptokinase vs alteplase in masive pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 1997; 18:1141-1148.
54.- Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M, et al. Association between thrombolytic treatment and the prognosis of hemodynamically stable patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1997; 96: 882-888.
55.- Daniels L, Parker J, Patel S, et al. Relation of duration of symptoms with response to thrombolytic therapy in pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 184-188.
56.- Ferrari E, Baudouy M, Carboni P, et al. Clinical epidemiology of venous thromboembolic disease. Results of a French multicenter registry. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 685-691.
57.- Kanter D, Mikkola K, Patel S, et al. Thrombolitic therapy for pulmonary embolism. Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and associated risk factors. Chest 1997; 111: 1241-1245.
58.- Kempezinski R. Surgical prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism. Chest 1986; 89(Suppl): 384-388.
59.- Yune HY. Inferior vena cava filter search for and ideal device. Radiology . 1989; 172. 15-16.
60.- Bovyn G, Gory P, Reynaud P, Ricco J. The tempofilter: a multicenter study of a new temporal caval filter implantable for up to six weeks. Ann Vasc Surg 1997; 11: 520-528. 
61.- De Gregorio MA., Alfonso ER., Mainar A. Et al. Seguimiento clínico y por medio de imagen a largo plazo de los filtros de vena cava inferior. Estudio transversal. Arch. de Bronconeum. 1995; 31; 195-96.
62.- Tardy B, Mismett P, Page Y et al. Symptomatic inferior vena cava filter thrmbosis: clinical s tudy of 30 consecutives cases. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 2012-2016.
63.- King M, Harman K: Unusual forms of pulmonary embolism. Clin Chest Med 1992; 20: 1169- 1174..
64.- Fabian TC, Hoots AV, Stanford DS, et al: Fat embolism syndorme: prospective evaluation in fracture patients. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:42-47.
65.- Rautanen M, Gulliechesen E, Kuttila K, Valtonen M, Nelimarkka O, Niinikioski J: Effects of experimental fat embolism on central hemodynamics and oxygenation in pigs. Eur Surg Res 1996;28:227.
66.- Hulman G: Pathogenesis of non-traumatic fat embolism. Lancet 1988 i:1366-1373. 
67.- Deppe S, Thompson D, Barrette R. Other embolic syndromes. En: Civetta JM, Taylor RW, Kirby RR. Critical Care. Philadelphia. Lippincott- Raven. 1997; 1905-1916.
68.- Huang Jl, Roy G, Sami LK. Sickling crisis, fat embolism, and coma after steroid. Lancet 1994; 334: 951-952. 
69.- Verdine JM, Guilliane C, Gagnieu MC, et al: Bronchoalveolar lavage in trauma patients for the diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome. Chest 1992; 102:1323-1340. .
70.- Mimoz 0, Edouard A, Beyond L, Quillard J, Verra F, Fleury J, Bonnet F, Sammii K: Contribution of bronchoalveolar lavage to the diagnosis of posttraumatic pulmonary fat embolism. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21: 973-980. 
71.- Orebaugh SL: Venous air embolism: Clinical and experimental considerations. Crit Care Med 1992; 20(8): 1169-1177.
72.- Doblar DD, Hinkle JC, Fay ML, et al: Air embolism associated with pulmonary artery catheter introducer kit. Anesthesiology 1982; 56:307-309. .
73.- James PM, Myers RT: Central venous pressure monitoring. Ann Surg 1972; 175: 693-701.
74.- Adornato DC, Gildenberg PL, Ferrario CM: Pathophysiology of intravenous air embolism in dogs. Anesthesiology 1978; 49: 120-127.
75.- Wang DW, Li MH, Hsu K, et al: Air embolism induced lung injury in isolated rat lungs. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72:1235-1242.
76.- Murphy BP, Hardford FJ, Cramer FS: Cerebral air embolism resulting from invasive medical procedures. Ann Surg 1985; 101:242-249.
77.- Bricker MB, Morris WP, Allen SJ, Tonneson AS, Butler BD: Venous air embolism in patients with pulmonary barotrauma. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1692-1698.
78.- Grim PS, Gottilieb LJ, Boddie A, et al: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. JAMA 1990; 263:2216-20.
79.- RicK W M: Embolia por liquido amniotico. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1996; 39(1): 91-95.
80.- Courtney LD: Amniotic fluid embolism. Obst and Ginecol Surv 1974;29:169-174.
81.- Davies MG, Harrison JC: Amniotic fluid embolism: maternal motality revisited. Br J Hosp Med 1992; 47:775-780.
82.- Morgan M. Amniotic fluid embolism. Anaesthesia 1979; 34:20-32.
83.- Clark et al. Amniotic fluid embolism: Analysis of the national registry. Am J Osbtet Gynecol 1995; 172(4): 1158-1169.
84.- Adamsons K, Muller-Haubach E, Myer RE: The innocuousness of amniotic fluid infusion in the pregnant rhesus monkey. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 109:977-984.
85.- Guasch E, et al: Embolia de liquido amniotico: revisión. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1996; 43:180-184.
86.- Weinberger SE, Weiss ST, Cohen WR, et al: Pregnancy and lung. Am Rev Resp Dis 1980; 121:559- 563.
87.- Scheneider SM, Moya F: Amniotic fluid embolism. Anesthesiology 1961; 22:108-113.
88.- Gille MH, Hugnes Sc: Amniotic fluid embolism. Anesth Clin North Am 1993; 3: 55-77.
89.- Pulkkinen MO, Eskola J, Kleimola V et al: Pancreatic and catalytic phospholipasa A2 in relation to the pregnancy labor and outcome. Gynecol Obstetric Invest 1990; 29: 104-107.
90.- Clark SL: New concepts of amniotic fluid embolism: a rewiew. Obstet. Gynecol Surv 1990; 45:360-368.
91.- Kobayashi H, Ohi H, Terao T: A simple, no invasive, sensitive method for diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism by monoclonal antibody THK-2 that regonized NeuAc &alpha 2-6GalNac. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 848-853.
92.- Kanayama N, Yamakazi T, Narsue H, Sumimoto, Horiuchi K, Terao T: Determining Zinc coproporphyrin in maternal plasma – a new method for diagnosing amniotic fluid embolism. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 526-529.
93.- Schmidt G. Pulmonary embolic disorders: thrombus, air, and fat. En Hall J, Schmidt G, Wood L ed: Principles of critical care. Ed McGraw-Hill. 1992.