Capítulo 3. 2. Hemorragias digestivas

Bibliografía
 

1. Miño G, Jaramillo JL, Galvez C, Carmona C, Reyes A, De la Mata M. Análisis de una serie general prospectiva de 3.270 hemorragias. Rev Esp Enf Digest 1.992; 82:7-15.
2. Jaramillo JL, Poyato A, Galvez C, Miño G. Las Unidades de hemorragia digestivas. Encuesta nacional. Rev Esp Enf Digest 1.991; 79: 239-245.
3. Walt RP, Langman MJS: Acute bleeding peptic ulcer. In Bouchier IAD, Allan RN, Hodgson HJF eds: Gastroenterology Clinical Science and Practice, ed 2. London, WB, Saunders, 1.993; p 309.
4. Pérez F, Bañares R, Cos Arregui E. La hemorragia digestiva alta en nuestro medio: un estudio prospectivo. En Hemorragia Digestiva Alta. Cos Arregui E y Díaz de Rojas F ed. Ergón. Madrid 1.994, p 4.
5. Schaffner JA. Gastrointestinal Bleeding. In Critical Care Medicine. Principles of diagnosis and management. Parrillo JE and Bone RC ed. Mosby. Sant Louis, Missouri 1995.
6. Hawkey G: NSAIDS and peptic ulcers. Br Med J 1.990; 300: 278.
7. Buchman AL, Schwartz MR. Colonic ulceration associated with the systemic use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication. J Clin Gastroenterol 1.996; 22(4): 224-6.
8. Lanas A, Remacha B, Esteva F, Sainz R. Risk factor associated with refractory peptic ulcers. Gastroenterology 1.995; 109: 1124-33.
9. Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Furberg CD , Carbonin P, Haulik RJ. Risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage with calcium channel antagonist in hipertensive persons over 67 years old. Lancet 1.996; 347: 1061-65. 
10. Peterson WL, Laine L: Gastrointestinal beeding. In Gastrointestinal disease. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management ed 5. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,1993 : 162-192.
11. Chung-Jy Tsai, Jyh- Chang Hwang. Investigation of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in chronicrenal failure. J Clin Gastroenterology 1996 ; 22(1): 2-5.
12. Kankaria AG, Fleisher DE. The Critical Care Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. En Critical Care Clinics. Gastrointestinal Emergencies. RL Fisher ed Saunders , Philadelphia 1.995, p 349.
13. Gilbert DA, Silverstein FE, Tedesco FJ, et al: The National ASGE survey on upper gastrointestinal bleeding III. Gastrointest Endosc 1981; .
27:94.
14. Laine L, Peterson WL. Bleeding peptic ulcer. The New Engl J of Med 1994; 331: 717.
15. Ruiz del Arbol L. Y cols. Pautas de protocolización clínica en la hemorragia digestiva por úlcera péptica. Rev Esp Enf Digest 1.996; (88) 11 : 785-798.
16. Groeneveld ABJ, Thijs LG. Hipovolemic Shock. In Critical Care Medicine. Principles of Diagnosis and Management . Parillo JE, Bone RC. eds Mosby. St Louis, Missouri 1995; 387-418.
17. Nordin AJ, Makisalo H, Hoekerstedt KAU. Failure of dobutamine to improve liver oxygenation during resuscitation with a crystalloid solution after experimental haemorrhagic shock. Eur J Surg 1996;162:973-79.
18. Boldt J, Muller M, Heesen M, et al. Influence of different volumen therapies on platelet function in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 1.996; 22: 1.075-81.
19. Hayes MA, Timmins Ac, Yau EHS, et al. Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients . New Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1.717-22.
20. Hwai-Jeng Lin, Kun Wang, Chin-Lin Perug, et al. Early or Delayed endoscopy for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. J Clin Gastroente rol 1.996; 22(4) :267-71.
21. Romero R, Pellicer FJ, Gómez M, et al. Ecoendoscopia: diagnóstico patológico de certeza mediante P-A en tiempo real. Gastroenterología y hepatología 1.996. vol 19 nº 6: 297-301.
22. Zerbey AL, Lee MJ, Brugge WR, Mueller PR. Endoscopic sonography of the upper gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Am J. R. 1.996; 166: 45-50.
23. Wegener M, Adamek RJ, Wedmam B el al. Endosonographycally guided fine needle aspiration puncture of paraesophagogastric mass lesions: preliminary results . Endoscopy 1.994 ;26: 586_91.
24. Brullet E, Campo R, Calver X et al .Factor related to the failure of endoscopic injection therapy for bleeding gastric ulcer. Gut 1.996; 39: 155-158.
25. Kubba AK, Murphy W, Palmer KR. Endoscopic injection for bleeding peptic ulcer : A comparison of adrenaline alone with adrenaline plus human thrombin. Gastroenterology 1.996; 111: 623-29.
26. P Swain. What should be done when initial endoscopic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer fails?. Endoscopy 1.995; 27: 321-8.
27. Kohler B, Riemann JF. Endoscopic injection therapy of Forrest I and II gastroduodenal ulcers guided by endoscopy Doppler ultrasound. Endoscopy 1.993; 25: 219-23.
28. Sanyal AJ, Freedman AM, Luketic VA . Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy. Gastroenterology 1.996; 111: 138-146.
29. Tisuado J, Freedman AM, Cole PE. Radiología intervencionista del enfermo crítico . En Tratado de Medicina crítica y terapia intensiva. Shoemaker WC, Ayres SM, Grenvik A, Holbrook PR eds. Médica Panamericana SA, Buenos Aires, Madrid 1.996: 425-442.
30. Pagliaro L, et al.: Portal hypertension in cirrhosis: Natural history. IN Bosch J, Groszmann RJ (eds.): Portal Hypertension. Pathophysiology and Treatment. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994, p 90.
31. Groszmann RJ, Bosch J, Grace ND, y cols. Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propraponolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1401-1407.
32. Vorobioff J, Groszmann RJ, Picabea E, y cols. Prognostic value of sequential measurement of portal pressure in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1994; 20: 103 A.
33. Feu F, García-Pagán JC, Bosch J, y cols. Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995; 346: 1056-1059.
34. Nevens F, Sprengers D, Feu F, y cols. Measurements of variceal pressure with an endoscopic pressure sensitive gauge: validation and effect of propranolol therapy in chronic conditions. J Hepatol 1996; 24: 66-73.
35. Rigau J, Bosch J, Bordas JM, y cols. Endoscopic measurement of variceal pressure in cirrhosis: correlation with portal pressure and variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 873-880.
36. Ruiz del Arbol L, Martín de Argila C, Arocena C, y cols. Endoscopic measurement of variceal pressure during haemorrhage from esophageal varices. Hepatology 1992; 16: 81 A.
37. Ruiz del Arbol L, Martín de Argila C, Arocena C, y cols. Variceal pressure changes in relation glypressin injection vs. somatostatin infusion during the treatment of variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993; 18(2): 286 A.
38. Staritz M, Rambos A, Alkier R, y cols. Pressure profile in human esophageal varices during and after variceal bleeding obtained with a novel technique for continuous pressure monitoring. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 893 A.
39. Genecin P, Grozsmann RJ. Biology of portal hypertension. En: Arias I, Boyer JL, Faust N, Jacoby W, Schachter D, Shafritz D, (eds.). The liver: biology and pathobiology. Raven Press, New York 1994: 1327-1342.
40. Feu F, D’Amico G, Bosch J. The acute bleeding episode: advances in drug therapy. En: Arroyo V, Bosch J, Rodés J, (eds.). Treatment in hepatology. Masson, Barcelona 1995: 9-22.
41. Bosch J, Bruix J, Mas A, y cols. Rolling review: the treatment of major complications of cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994; 8: 639-657.
42. Burroughs AK, Bosch J. Manifestaciones clínicas y tratamiento de los episodios hemorrágicos en los pacientes cirróticos. En: Rodés J, Benhamou JP,Bircher J y cols. (eds.). Tratado de hepatología clínica. Masson-Salvat Medicina, Barcelona 1993: 481-502.
43. Ruiz del Arbol L, Monescillo A, Lafuente C, y cols. Variceal pressure response during propranolol response therapy is useful in predicting the risk of variceal rebleeding. J Hepatolgy 1993; 18 (Suppl. 1): 34 S.
44. Pagliaro L, D`Amico G, Pasta L, y cols. Portal hypertension in cirrhosis: natural history. En: Bosch J, Groszmann RJ, (eds.). Portal hypertension. Pathophysiology and treatment. Blackwell, Oxford 1994:72-92.
45. Ready JB, Robertson AD, Goff JS, y cols. Assesment of the risk of bleeding from esophageal varices by continuous monitoring of portal pressure. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1403-1410. 
46. Ruiz del Arbol L, Arocena C, Vázquez M, y cols. Endoscopic measurementof variceal pressure during hemorrhage from esophageal varices. J Hepatology 1992; 16; 36 S.
47. Burroughs AK, McCormick PA. Natural history and prognosis of variceal bleeding. Bailliere´s Clinical Gastroenterology 1992; 6: 437-450.
48. Feu F, García-Pagán JC, Bosch L, y cols. Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995; 346; 1056-1059.
49. McCormick PA, Jenkins SA, McIntyre N, y cols. Why portal hypertensive varices bled: a hypothesis. Gut 1995; 36: 100-103.
50. Elizalde JI, García-Pagán JC, Bandi JC y cols. Efectos del incremento de la hemoglobina sanguínea en la circulación hiperdinámica de pacientes cirróticos con anemia. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 19: 86-87.
51. Rimola A. Infecciones bacterianas en la enfermedad hepática. En: Rodés J, Benhamou JP, Bircher J, y cols. (Eds.). Tratado de Hepatología Clínica. Masson-Salvat Medicina, Barcelona 1993: 1503-1515.
52. Soriano C, Guarner C, Tomás A, y cols. Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1267-1272.
53. Pourriat JL, Leyacher S, Letoumelin P, et al. Early administration of the association terlipressin-nitroglycerin in cirrhotic active digestive bleeding. Hepatology 1994; 19: 1151 (abstract).
54. Rodríguez-Pérez F, Groszmann RJ. Pharmacologic treatment of portal hypertension. Gastrointest Clin North Am 1992; 21: 15-40.
55. Bosch J, D´Amico G, Luca A, y cols. Drug therapy for variceal hemorrhage. En: Bosch J, Groszmann RJ, (eds.). Portal hypertension. Pathophysiology and Treatment. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific, 1994: 108-123.
56. D´Amico G, Traina M, Vizzini G, y cols. Terlipressin or vasopressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin in a treatment strategy for digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. A randomized clinical trial. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 206-212.
57. Soderlund C, Magnusson L, Torngren S, y cols. Terlipressin controls acute bleeding oesophageal varices. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 622-639.
58. Burroughs AK, Patch D. Drug therapy: comparison with other therapies for portal hypertension. En: Arroyo V, Bosch J, Rodés J, (eds.). Treatments in hepatology. Masson, Barcelona, 1995: 44-49.
59. Primignani M, Nolte A, Vazzoler MC, y cols. The effect of octeotride on intraesophageal variceal pressure in liver cirrhosis is unpredictable. Hepatology 1990; 12: 989.
60. Panes J, Teres J, Bosch J, y cols. Efficacy of ballon tamponade in treatment of bleeding gastric and esophageal varices: results in 151 consecutive episodes. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33: 454-459.
61. Haddock G, Garden OJ, McKee RF, y cols. Esophageal tamponade in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 913.
62. Sarin SK, Nanda R, Sachdev G, y cols. Intravariceal versus paravariceal sclerotherapy: a prospective, controlled, randomized trial. Gut 1987; 28: 657-662.
63. Bordas JM, Llach J, Landaeta J, y cols. Esclerosis urgente en pacientes cirróticos con riesgo quirúrgico elevado y hemorragia por varices esofágicas no controlada por tratamiento médico. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 18: 207 A.
64. D´Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Treatment of portal hypertension: a meta-analytic review. Hepatology 1995; 22: 332-354.
65. Van Thiel DH, Dindzans VJ, Schade RR, Rabinovitz M, Gavaler JS. Prophylatic versus emergency sclerotherapy of large esophageal varices prior to liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1505-1510.
66. Stiegman VG, Goff JS, Sun JH, Hruza D, Reveille RM. Endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices. Am J Surg 1990; 159: 21-26.
67. Brullet E, Espinós J, Campo R, Forné M, Calvet X, Dalmau B, Viver JM. Ligadura endoscópica con bandas en la prevención de recidiva hemorrágica por varices esofágicas. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 19: 129 A.
68. Warren W, Zeppa R. Selective transplenic descompression of gastroesophageal varies by distal splenorenal shunt. Ann Surg 1967; 166: 437-455.
69. Rikkers L, Sorrel T, Gongliang J. Wich portosystemic shunt is best ?. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992; 21: 179.
70. Casado M, arcía-Pagán JC, Bañares R, y cols. Clinical events following TIPS: correlation with hemodynamic findings. Hepatology 1995; 22: 758.
71. Shiffman ML, Jeffers L, Hoofnagle JH, Tralka TS. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for treatment of portal hypertension and its complications: a conference sponsored by the National Digestive Diseases Advisory Board. Hepatology 1995; 22: 1591-1597.
72. Quiroga J, Sangro B, Núñez M, y cols. Transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunt in the treatment of refractory ascities: effect on clinical, renal, humoral and hemodynamic parameters. Hepatology 1995; 21: 986-994.
73. Freedman AM, Sanyal AJ. Complications transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Sem Interv Radiol 1994; 11: 161-177.
74. Lind CD, Malish TW, Chong WK y cols. Incidence of shunt oclussion or stenosis following transjugular intrahepatic portosytemic shunt placement. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1277-1283.
75. McCormick PA, Feu F, Sabrin C, y cols. And the Anglo-Spanish Variceal Rebleeding Group. Propranolol and isosorbide monitrate versus sclerotherapy or shunt surgery for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a randomized trial (abstract). Hepatology 1194; 20: 106 A.
76. Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP, Murthi NS, Makwane UK. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: long term follow-up study in 568 patients with portal hypertension. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1343-1349.
77. Spina GP, Arcidiacono R, Bosch J, y cols. Gastric endoscopic features in portal hypertension: final report of a consensus conference. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 461-467.
78. Oho K, Iwao Y, Sumino M, Toyonaga A, Tanikawa K. Ethanolamine oleate versus butyl cyanocrylate for bleeding gastric varices: a non-randomized study. Endoscopy 1995; 27: 349-354.
79. Orloff MJ, Bell RH, Orloff MS, y cols. Prospective randomized trial of emergency portocaval shunt and emergency medical therapy in unselected cirrhotic patients with bleeding varices. Hepatology 1994; 20: 863-872.
80. Libera MD, Pazzi P, Carli G, et al. Brush cytology: A reliable method to detect H. Pylori. J Clin Gastroenterol 1.996; 22(4): 317-21.
81. Hogan DL, Rapier RC, Dreilinger A, et al. Duodenal bicarbonate secretion: Eradication of H. Pylori and duodenal structure and function in humans. Gastroenterology 1.996; 110(3): 705-716.
82. Lanbez J, Tillemburg B, Peitz U, et al. Helicobacter Pylori augments the ph increasing effect of omeprazol in patients with duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology 1.996; 110(3): 725-32.
83. Moss SF, Calam J, Agarwal B, Wang S, Holt PR. Induction of gastric epithelial apoptosis by H. Pylori. Gut 1996; 38: 498-501.
84. Taha AS, Hudson N, Hawkey CJ, et al. Famotidine for the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N. Engl. J of Medicine 1.996; 334(22): 1.435-39. 
85. Miller TA, Reed II RL, Moody FG. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage. En Surgical Intensive Care. Borie PS, Shires GT eds Little Brown USA 1.993:743-765.
86. Feldman M, Burton ME. Histamine-2 receptor antagonist: Estándar therapy for acid-peptic diseases.Part 1. N. Engl. J. Medicine 1.990 323:1.672.
87. McCarthy D. Sucralfate. N. Engl.J. of Medicine 1.991;325:1.017.
88. Salim AS. Protection against stress induced acute gastric mucosal injury by free radical scavengers. Intens Care Medicine 1.991;17: 455.
89. Department of Surgery, ULSS.No 3, Belluno, Italy. The current role of endoscopy in Mallory-Weis Sd. Surg. Endosc. 1.991;5(1):24-7.
90. Pamplona J, Ortiz J, Sancho-Poch FJ, Bolanzo J. Hemorragia digestiva por por angiodisplasia duodenal en la región periampular. Gastroenterología y Hepatología 1.996; 19(5): 250-251.
91. Norris HT. Vascular disordes. In Pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. Ming Sc, Goldman H,eds. Philadelphia.WB Saund 1.992:214-25.
92. Greason KL, Acosta JA, Magrino TJ, Choe M. Angiodysplasia as the cause of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a young adult. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39 (6): 702-704
93. Narayan S, Jensen DM, Randall GA, et al. Gastric bleeding from Dieulafoy’s lesion versus peptic ulcer. Gastrointest Endosc 1.992; 38:239.
94. Burkitt DP. A deficiency of dietary fiber may be one cause of certain colonic and venous disoders. Am J Dig Dis 1976; 12: 1198.
95. Almy YP, Howell DA. Diverticular disease of the colon. N Engl J Med 1980; 302:324.