Bibliografía
 

2. Wenger JD, Hightower AW, Facklam RR, Gaventa S, Broome CV, Bacterial Meningitis Study Group. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1986: report of a multistate surveillance study. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 1316-1323.

3. Adams WG, Deaver KA, Cochi SL, et al. Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the HIB vaccine era. JAMA 1993; 269: 221-226.

4. Broome CV, Wenger JD, Schuchat A, Plikaytis BD, Deaver K. Changing epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the United States. In: Program and abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, September 15-18, 1996. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1996: 311. abstract.

5. Fenoll A, Martin Bourgon C, Muñoz R, Vicioso D, Casal J. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing systemic infections in Spain, 1979-1989. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13: 56-60.

6. Marton A, Gulyas M, Muñoz R, Tomasz A. Extremely high incidence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hungary. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 542-548.

7. Jones RN, Kehrberg E, Erwin ME, Sader H. Epidemiologic studies of emerging antimicrobial resistance in USA hospitals: report from a forty medical center surveillance of parenteral drug susceptibility. In: Program and abstracts of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Orlando, Fla., October 4-7, 1994. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1994: 87. abstract.

8. Kornelisse RF, Westerbeek CML, Spoor AB, et al. Pneumococcal meningitis in children: prognostic indicators and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1390-1397.

9. Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, Miller SI, Southwick FS, Caviness VS, et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults: a review of 493 episodes. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 21-28.

10. Forderreuther S, Tatsch K, Einhaupl KM, et al. Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in the acute phase of bacterial meningitis in adults. J Neurol 1992; 239: 431.

11. Unhanand M, Mustafa MM, McCracken GH Jr, Nelson JD. Gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis: a twenty-one-year experience. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 15-21.

12. Quagliarello VJ, Scheld WM. Bacterial meningitis: pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and progress. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 864-872.

13. Tunkel AR, Wispelwey B, Scheld WM. Bacterial meningitis: recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:610-23.

14. Roos KL, Tunkel AR, Scheld WM: Acute bacterial meningitis in children and adults. In Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Durack DT: Infections of the Central Nervous System. New York, Raven Press, 1991, p 335.

15. Wispelwey B, Tunkel AR, Scheld WM. Bacterial meningitis in adults. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1990; 4: 645.

16. Geiseler PJ, Nelson KE, Levin S, et al: Community.acquired purulent meningitis: A review of 1316 cases during the antibiotic era, 1954-1976. Rev Infect Dis 1980; 2: 725.

17. Baraff Lj, Lee DI, Schriger DL. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: A meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 389.

18. Pfister HW, Feiden W, Einhaupl KM. Spectrum of complications during bacterial meningitis in adults. Results of a prospective clinical study. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 575.

19. Pomeroy S, Homes SJ, Dodge PR, et al. Seizures and other neurologic sequelae of bacterial meningitis in children. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1651.

20. Greenlee JE. Approach to diagnosis of meningitis, cerebrospinal fluid evaluation. Infect Dis Clin North AM 1990; 4: 583.

21. Fishman RA: CSF finfings in diseases of the nervous system: Bacterial meningitis. In Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System. Philadepphia, WB Saunders, 1992, p 256.

22. Overall JJ: Is it bacterial or viral? Laboratory differentation. Pediatr Rev 1993; 14: 251.

23. Hoban DJ, Witwicki E, Hammond GW: Bacterial antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1985; 3: 373.

24. Kline MW, Kaplan SL. Computed tomography in bacterial meningitis of childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7: 855.

25. Cabral DA, Flodmark O, Farrell K, et al: Prospective study of computed tomography in acute bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr 1987; 111: 201.

26. Pike MG; Wong PKH, Bencuvenga R: Electrophysiologic studies, computed tomography, and neurologic outcome in acute bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr 1990; 116: 702.

27. Sze G, Zimmerman RD: The magnetic resonance imaging of infectios and inflamatory diseases. Radiol Clin North Am 1988; 26: 839.

28. Lebel MH, Hoyt J, Waagner DC, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging and dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 301.

29. Mellor DH: The place of computed tomography and lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 1417.

30. Friedland IR, Paris MM, Rinderknecht S, et al: Cranial computed tomographic scans have little impact on management of bacterial meningitis. Am J Dis Child 1992; 146: 1484.

31. Minns RA, Englemand HM, Stirling H: Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in pyogenic meningitis. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 814.

32. Quagliarello VJ, Scheld WM. New perspectives on bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 603-610.

33. Havens PL, Wendelberger KJ, Hoffman GM, et al. Corticosteroids as adjuntive therapy in bacterial meningitis. A meta-analysis of clinical trials. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 1051.

34. Lebel MH, et al: Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis in children in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 964.

35. Wald ER, Kaplan SI, Mason EO Jr, et al: Dexamethasone therapy for children with bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics 1995; 95: 21-28.

36. Kanra GY, Ozen H, Secmeer G, Ceyhan M, Ecevit Z, Belgin E. Beneficial effects of dexamethasone in children with pneumococcal meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14: 490-494.

37. Odio CM, Faingezicht I, Paris M, et al: The beneficial effects of early dexamethasone administration in infants and children with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1525.

38. Pigrau Serrallach C, Mártinez Vázquez JM. Encefalitis herpética. Med Clin (Barc) 1988; 91: 621-622.

39. Bale JF Jr.. Viral encephalitis. Med Clin North Am 1993; 77: 25-42.

40. Whitley RJ. Viral encephalitis. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 242-250.

41. Wiley CA, Achim CL. Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis and dementia. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 559-560.

42. Ehrlich GD, Greenberg SJ, eds. PCR-based diagnostics in infectious disease. Boston: Blackwell Scientific, 1994.

43. Rotbart HA. Enteroviral infections of the central nervous system. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 971-981.

44. Shaw DW, Cohen WA. Viral infections of the CNS in children: imaging features. AJR 1993; 160: 125-133.

45. Koelfen W, Freund M, Gückel F, Rohr H, Schultze C. MRI of encephalitis in children: comparison of CT and MRI in the acute stage with long-term follow-up. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: 73-79.

46. Driffin DE. Encephalitis, myelitis, and neuritis. En: Mandell GL, Gordon Douglas R Jr., Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases 4th edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995; 874-881.

47. Koskiniemi M, Piiparinem H, Mannonem L, Rantalaiho T, Vaheri A, and the study group. Herpes encephalitis is a disease of middle aged and elderly people: polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus in the CSF of 516 patients with encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: 174-178.

48. Dickinson LD, Hoff JT. Infectious disease in neurosugical intensive care. En: Andrews BT, ed. Neurosurgical intensive care. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc, 1993; 201-226.

49. Whitley RJ, Lakeman F. Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: therapeutic and diagnostic considerations. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 414-420.

50. Edelman RR, Warach S. Magnetic resonance imaging (First of two parts). N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 708-716.

51. Muñoz González A, Gómez Gonález J, Rosen B. Indicaciones neurológicas actuales de la resonancia magnética (I). Med Clin (Barc) 1989; 92: 421-428.

52. Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group.  Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: Application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 857-863.

53. Caparros-Lefebvre D, Dewilde A, Guffond T, Verier A, Vallée L, Wattre P, et al. Valeur de l'amplification génique du virus herpétique dans le diagnostic et le traitement des encéphalites aiguës virales. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1995; 151: 124-128.

54. Whitley RJ, Gnann JW. Acyclovir: A decade later. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 782-789.

55. Kapur N, Barker S, Burrows EH, Ellison D, Brice J, Illis LS, et al. Herpes simplex encephalitis: long term magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological profile. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 1334-1342.

56. Seydoux CH, Francioli P: Bacterial brain abscesses: Factors influencing mortality and sequelae. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 394.

57. Wispelwey B, Scheld WM, et al. Brain abscess. En : WM Scheld et al, eds. Infections of the Central Nervous System. New York: Raven, 1991; 457-486.

58. Dolan RW, Chowdhury K. Diagnosis and treatment of intracranial complications of paranasal sinus infections. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53: 1080-1087.

59. Brennan MR. Subdural empyema. Am Fam Phys 1995; 51: 157-162.

60. Bok APL, Peter JC. Subdural empyema: Burr holes or craniotomy? A retrospective computerised tomography-era analysis of treatment in 90 cases. J Neurosurg 1993; 78: 574-578.

61. Ouahes O, Kalamarides M, Redondo A, Berthelot JL, Bouali I, Rey A. Empyèmes sous-duraux. A propos de 17 cas. Neurochirurgie 1995; 41: 319-323.

62. Oban WG, Rosenblum ML. Nonoperative treatment of neurosurgical infections. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1992; 3: 359-373.

63. Haines SJ, Mampalam T, Rosenblum ML, et al. Cranial and intracranial bacterial infections. En: Youmans JR, ed. Neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990; 3707-3735.

64. Dill SR, Cobbs CG, Mc Donald CK. Subdural empyema: Analysis of 32 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 372-386.

65. Mauser HW, Van Houwelingen HC, Tulleken CAF. Factors affecting the outcome in subdural empyema. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 1136-1141.

66. Hoyt DJ, Fisher SR. Otolaryngologic management of patients with subdural empyema. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 20-24.

67. Levy ML, Wieder BH, Schneider J, Zee CS, Weiss MH. Subdural empyema of the cervical spine: clinicopathological correlates and magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 1993; 79: 929-935.

68. Hlavin ML, Kaminski HJ, Fenstermaker RA, White RJ. Intracranial suppuration: A modern decade of postoperative subdural empyema and epidural abscess. Neurosurgery 1994; 34: 974-981.

69. Darouiche RO, Hamill RJ, Greenberg SB, Weathers SW, Musher DM. Bacterial spinal epidural abscess. Medicine (Baltimore) 1992; 71: 369-385.

70. Friedman DP, Hills JR. Cervical epidural spinal infection: MR imaging characteristics. AJR 1994; 163: 699-704.

71. Del Curling O Jr., Gower DJ, McWhorter JM. Changing concepts in spinal epidural abscess: A report of 29 cases. Neurosurgery 1990; 27: 185-192. 

72. Maslen DR, Jones SR, Crislip MA, Bracis R, Dworkin RJ, Flemming JE. Spinal epidural abscess. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1713-1721. 

73. Sadato N, Numaguchi Y, Rigamonti D, Kodama T, Nussbaum E, Sato S, et al. Spinal epidural abscess with gadolinium-enhaced MRI: serial follow-up studies and clinical correlations. Neuroradiology 1994; 36: 44-48.

74. Rea GL, McGregor JM, Miller CA, Miner ME. Surgical treatment of the spontaneous spinal epidural abscess. Surg Neurol 1992; 37: 274-279.

75. Mampalam TJ, Rosegay H, Andrews BT, Rosenblum ML, Pitts LH. Nonoperative treatment of spinal epidural infections. J Neurosurg 1989; 71: 208-210. 

76. Wheeler D, Keiser P, Rigamonti D, Keay S. Medical management of spinal epidural abscesses: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 22-27.

77. Wang JS, Fellows DG, Vakharia S, Rosenbaum AE, Thomas S. Epidural abscess-Early magnetic resonance imaging detection and conservative therapy. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 1069-1071.

78. Tabo E, Ohkuma Y, Kimura S, Nagaro T, Arai T. Successful percutaneous drainage of epidural abscess with epidural needle and catheter. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 1393-1395. 

79. Nussbaum ES, Rigamonti D, Standiford H, Numaguchi Y, Wolf AL, Robinson WL. Spinal epidural abscess: A report of 40 cases and review. Surg Neurol 1992; 38: 225-231. 

80. Mokri B, Jack CR Jr., Petty GW. Pseudotumor syndrome associated with cerebral venous sinus occlusion and antiphospholipid antibodies. Stroke 1993; 24: 469-472.

81. Ochagavia AR, Boque MC, Torre C, Alonso S, Sirvent JJ. Dural venous sinus thrombosis due to cranial trauma. Lancet 1996; 347: 1564. 

82. Ayadi K, Mehdi M, Khannous M, Ben Hmida M, Ladeb MF, Mnif J, Kechaou MS. La thormbose septique des sinus caverneux compliquant la staphylococcie maligne de la face. J Radiol 1995; 76: 497-499.

83. Einhaupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W, et al. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet 1991; 338: 597-600.