Bibliografía
 

2. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, Feld R, Mandell GL, Meyers JD, et al.1997 Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 381-396.

3. Pizzo PA. Management of fever in patients with cancer and treatment-induced neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1323-1332.

4. Alvarez S. Infections in the compromised host. Med Clin N Am 1992; 76: 1135-1142.

5. Leibovici L, Samra Z, Konigsberger H, Drucker M, AshKenazi S, Pitlik SD. Long-term survival following bacteremia or fungemia. JAMA 1995; 274: 807-812.

6. EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group. Gram positive bacteraemia in granulocytopenic cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26: 569-574.

7. Carratala J, Alcaide F, Fernández-Sevilla A, Corbella X, Linares J, Gudiol F. Bacteraemia due to viridans streptococci that are highly resistant to penicilin: increase among neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1169-1173.

8. Dichter JR, Levine SJ, Shelhamer JH. Approach to the immunocompromised host with pulmonary symptoms. Hematology/ Oncology Clinics of North America 1993; 7: 887-912.

9. Gerson SL, Talbot GH. Prolonged granulocytopenia: The major risk factor invasive pulmonary aspergilosis in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 345-351.

10. Bone RC. Gram-positive organisms and sepsis. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 26-34.

11. Rello J, Valles J. Infecciones por catéter. En: Infecciones en el paciente crítico. Eds: A Net, E Quintana. Springer-Verlag Ibérica. Barcelona. 1997. 22-29.

12. Sugar AM. Agents of mucormycosis and related species. En: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 2311-2321. 

13. Edwards JE. Candida species. Ed: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 2289-2306.

14. Giamarellou H. Empiric therapy for infections in the febrile, neutropenic, compromised host. Med Clin N Am 1995; 79: 559-580. 

15. Philpott-Howard J. Prophylasis and therapy of infection in neutropenic patients. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease 1996; 9: 218-222. 

16. Cometta A, Zinner S, de Bock R, Calandra T, Gaya H, Klastersky J, et al. Piperacilin-Tazobactan plus amikacin as empiric therapy for fever in granulocytopenic patients with cancer. The International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 445-452.

17. Rolston KVI, Berkey P, Bodey GP, Anaissie EJ, Khardon NM, Joshi JH, et al. A comparison of imipenen to ceftazidime with or without amikacin as empiric therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 283-291.

18. Cometta A, Calandra T, Gaya H, Zinner SH, de Bock R, Del Favero A, et al. Monotherapy with menopenen versus combination therapy with ceftazidime plus amikacin as empiric therapy for fever in granulocitopenic patients with cancer. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1108-1115.

19. Rubin M, Hathorn JW, Marshall D, Gress J, Steinberg SM, Pizzo PA. Gram positive infections and the use of vancomycin in 550 episodes of fever and neutropenia. Ann Inter Med 1988; 108: 30-35.

20. Rolston KVI, Nguyen H, Amos G, Elting L, Fainstein V, Bodey GP. A randomized double-blind trial of vancomycin versus teicoplanin for the treatment of gram-positive bacteremia in patients with cancer. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 350-355.

21. Hathorn JK, Lyke K. Empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia: evolution of current therapeutic approaches. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 (Suppl 2): S256-265.

22. Marie S. Liposomal amd lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B. Leukemia 1996; 10 (Suppl 2) 93-96.

23. Hartmann LC, Tschetter LK, Habermann TM, Ebbert LP, Jonhson PS, Maillard JA, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in severe chemotherapy-induced afebrile neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1776-1780.

24. Pui CH, Boyett JM, Hughes WT, Rivera GK, Hancock ML, Sandlund JT, et al. Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after chemotheray in children with acute lymphobastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1781-1787.

25. Dummer IS. Infections in transplant recipients. En: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 2709-2717.

26. Winston DJ, Emmanoulides C, Busuttil RW. Infections in liver transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1077-1091.

27. Nicholson V, Johnson PC. Infectious complications in solid organ transplant recipients. Surgical Clinics of North America 1994; 74: 1223-1245.

28. Stout JE, Yu VL. Legionellosis. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 682-687.

29. Foster PF, Williams JM. Early postoperative care. En: Hepatic transplantation. JM Williams. WB Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 1990. 137-162.

30. Dunn DL. Problems related to immunosuppression. Critical Care Clinics 1990; 6: 955-977..

31. Dummer IS, Ho M, Simmons RL. Infections in solid organ transplant recipients. En: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 2722-2732.

32. Karwande SV, Renlund DG, Olsen SL, Gay WA, Reichenbacher WE, Hawkins, et al. Mediastinitis in heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 54: 1039-1045.

33. O'Conell JB, Bourge RC, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Driscoll DJ, Morgan JP, Rose EA, et al. Cardiac transplantation: recipient selection, donor procurement, and medical follow-up. Circulation 1992; 86: 1061-1079.

34. Cassell GH, Gray GC, Waites KB. Mycoplasma infections. En: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Eds: Fauci, Braunwald, Wilson, Martin, Kasper, Hauser, Longo. McGraw-Hill. New York. 1998. 1052-1055.

35. Donnelly JP. Bacterial complication of transplantations: Diagnoses and treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36 (Suppl B) 59-72.

36. Chan GLC, Gruber SA, Skjei KL, Canafax DM. Principles of immunosuppression. Critical Care Clinics 1990; 6: 841-892. 

37. Rubin RH, Tolkoff-Rubin NE. Antimicrobial strategies in the care of organ transplant recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 619-624.

38. Patel R, Portela D, Badley AD, Harmsen WS, Larson-Keller JJ, Ilstrup DM, et al. Risk factors of invasive Candida and non-Candida fungal infections after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 62: 926-934.

39. Paya CV. Fungal infections in solid-organ transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 677-688.

40. Conti DJ, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Baker GP, Cosimi AB, Rubin RH. Successful treatment of invasive fungal infection with fluconazole in organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 1989; 48: 692-695.

41. Fishman JA, Rubin RH. Fungal infections in organ transplant recipient. En: 1996 Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Ed JL Vincent. Springer. Berlin. 1996. 555-566

42. SS, Sharara AI, Clavien PA, Hamilton JD. Cytomegalovirus infection following liver transplantation: Review of the literature: Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 537-549.

43. Ho M. Cytomegalovirus. En: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 2351-2364.

44. Wiesner RH, Marin E, Porayko MK, Steers JL, Krom RAF, Paya CV. Advances in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cytomegalovirus infections after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 1993; 22: 351-366.

45. Patel R, Smith TF, Espy M, Portela D, Wiesner RH, Krom RAF, et al. A prospective comparison of molecular diagnostic techniques for the early detection of cytomegalovirus in liver transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1010-1014.

46. Cunningham R, Harris A, Frankton A, Irving W. Detection of cytomagalovirus using PCR in serum from renal transplant recipients. J Clin Pathol 1995; 48: 575-577.

47. Reed EC, Bowden RA, Dandliker PS, Lilleby KE, Meyers JD. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in patients with bone marrow transplants. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 783-788.

48. Emanuel D, Cunningham I, Jules-Elysee K, Brochstein JA, Kernan NA, Laver J, et al. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantion successfully trated with the combination of ganciclovir and high-dose intravenous immuno globulin. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 777-782

49. George MJ, Snydman DR, Werner BG, Dougherty NN, Griffith J, Rohrer RH, et al. Use of ganciclovir plus cytomegalovirus immune globulin to treat CMV pneumonia in orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1993; 25(suppl 4): 22-24.

50. Breinig MK, Zitelli B, Starzl TE, Ho M. Epstein Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and other viral infections in children after liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 1987; 156: 273-279. 

51. Singh N, Yu VL. Infections in liver transplant recipients. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease 1996; 9: 223-229.

52. Petri WA. Infections in heart transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 141-148.

53. Orr KE, Gould FK, Shoret G, Dark JH, Hilton CJ, Corris PA, et al. Outcome of Toxoplasma gondii mismatches in heart transplant recipients over a period of 8 years. J Infect Dis 1994; 29: 249-253.

54. Kasper JH. Toxoplasma infections. En: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Eds: Fauci, Braunwald, Wilson, Martin, Kasper, Hauser, Longo. McGraw-Hill. New York. 1998. 1197-1202.

55. Watkins BA, Klotman, Gallo RC. Human immunodeficiency viruses. En: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 1590-1606.

56. Gold JWM. The diagnosis and management of HIV infection. Med Clin North Am 1996; 80: 1283-1307.

57. Grant RM, Feinberg MB. HIV replication and pathogenesis. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease 1996; 9: 7-13.

58. Schleupner CJ. Detection of HIV-1 infection. En: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 1253-1267.

59. Hoover DR, Saah AJ, Bacellar H, Phair J, Detels R, Anderson R, et al. Clinical manifestation of AIDS in the era of pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1922-1926.

60. Selik RM, Chu SY, Ward JW. Trends in infectious disease and cancers among persons dying of HIV infections in the United State from 1987-1992. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 933-936.

61. Torres A, El-Ebiary M, Marrades R, Miró JM, Gatell JM, Sánchez-Nieto JM. Aetiology and prognostic factors of patients with AIDS presenting life-threatening acute respiratory failure. Eur Resp J 1995; 8: 1922-1928

62. Hawley PH, Ronco JJ, Guillemi SA, Quieffin J, Russell, Lawson LM, et al. Decresing frequency but worsening mortality of acute respiratory failure secondary to AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1994; 106: 1456-1459.

63. Walker PA, White DA. Pulmonary Disease. Med Clin North Am 1996; 80: 1337-1362.

64. Zaman MK, White DA. Serum lactate dehydrogenasae levels and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am Rev Resp Dis 1988; 137: 796-800.

65. Walzer PD. Pneumocystis carinii. En: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 2475-2487.

66. Meduri GU, Stover DE, Greeno RA, Nash T, Zaman MB. Bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of opportunistic pulmonary infections. Chest 1991; 100: 1272-1276.

67. Gagnon S, Boota AM, Fischl MA, Baier H, Kirksey OW, La Voie L. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1451-1457. 

68. Bozzette SA, Sattler FR, Chiu J, Wu AW, Gluckstein D, Kemmper C, et al. A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1451-1457.

69. Jones BE, Taikwel EK, Mercado AL, Sian SU, Barnes PF. Tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection who receive corticosteroids for presumed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1686-1688.

70. DeVita MA, Friedman Y, Petrella V. Mask continous positive airway preassure in AIDS. Critical Care Clinics 1993; 9 :137-151. 

71. Burack JH, Hahn JA, Saint-Maurice D, Jacobson MA. Microbiology of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in persons with and at risk for human immunodeficiency virus type I infection: Implications for rational empiric antibiotic therapy. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 2589-2596.

72. Jones BE, Young SM, Antoniski D, Davidson PT, Kramer E, Barnes PF. Relationship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Resp Dis 1993; 148: 1292-1297.

73. Keiper MD, Beaumont M, Elshami A, Langlotz CP, Miller WT. CD4 lymphocyte count and the radiographic presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis: A study between the relationship between these factors in patients with HIV infection. Chest 1995; 107: 74-80. 

74 Barnes PF, Le HQ, Davidson PT. Tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection. Med Clin North Am 1993; 77: 1369-1390.

75. Horsburgh CR. Mycobacterium avium complex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1332-1338.

76. Campbell IA, Jenkins PA. Non-tuberculous (or opportunistic) mycobacterial infection. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease 1996; 9: 99-102. 

77. Luft BJ, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:211-222.

78. Simpson DM, Berger JR. Neurologic manifestations of HIV infection. Med Clin North Am 1997; 80: 1363-1394.

79. Porter SB, Sande MA. Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1643-1648.

80. McArthur JC. Neurologic diseases associated with HIV-1 infection. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease 1995; 8: 74-84.

81. Luft BJ, Hafner R, Korzun AH, Leport C, Antoniski D, Bosler EM, et al. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 995-1000.

82. Diamond RD. Crytcococcus neoformans. En: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. En: GL Mandell, JE Douglas, R Dolin. Churchill Livingstone. New York. 1995. 2331-2340.

83. Kiska DL, Orkiszewski DR, Howell D, Gilligan PH. Evaluation of new monoclonal antibody-based latex aglutination test for detection of cryptococcal polysaccaride antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 2309-2311.

84. Miszkiel KA, Hall-Craggs MA, Miller RF, Kendall BE, Wilkinson ID, Paley MN, et al. The spectrum of MRI findings in the CNS cryptococcosis in AIDS. Clin Radiol 1996; 51: 842-850.

85. Larsen RA, Leal MAE, Chan S. Fluconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 183-187.

86. Menichietti F, Fiorio M, Tosti A, Gatti G, Bruna Paticci M, Miletich F, et al. High-dose fluconazole for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 838-840.