| fernand0 | Hello. |
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| fernand0 | Our next speaker is Ismael Briones. |
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| fernand0 | He works as a system administrator in |
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| fernand0 | one of the most important journals in Spain. |
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| fernand0 | He also is a fellow member of UniNET and part of the success in the |
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| fernand0 | organizations of this conference is due to him, among others. |
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| fernand0 | His talk is about 'User Mode Linux'. |
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| fernand0 | Ismael ... |
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| ismak | Hello... |
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| ismak | Good night ;-) |
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| ismak | ok This is an introduction to User Mode Linux |
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| ismak | Basically is a mix of the documentation of the project, |
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| ismak | that you can find in the project's web (http:/user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net). |
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| ismak | I am going to explain what is UML, some descriptions of how people are using |
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| ismak | User-Mode Linux, its capabilities and how you can install and run UML. |
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| ismak | First, What is UML? |
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| ismak | 1.1 - Run Linux inside itself |
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| ismak | We can read a brief description of what is UML in the web of the project (http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net): |
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| ismak | "User-Mode Linux is a safe, secure way of running Linux versions inside itself. It gives you a virtual machine that may have more hardware and software virtual resources than your actual, physical computer. |
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| ismak | Disk storage for the virtual machine is entirely contained in a single file on your physical machine. You can provide to the virtual machine only the hardware access you want it to have an with properly limited access, nothing you can do on the virtual machine can damage your real computer, or its software." |
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| ismak | That sound fun. We can have a running linux inside our linux, and we can do what we |
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| ismak | want on it, because it's like another system. UML allows you to run a Linux kernel as a |
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| ismak | user process under a normal Linux kernel. |
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| ismak | Basically, uml is the port of the Linux kernel to Linux system call interface rather than to a hardware interface. What does it mean? |
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| ismak | It treat Linux as a platform to which the kernel can be ported, like platforms such as Intel, Alpha, Mips, etc... |
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| ismak | All of the devices accesibles inside the virtual machine are virtual and UML support the full range of devices suported by a Linux box, like: |
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| ismak | - Console and serial lines. |
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| ismak | - Block devices. |
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| ismak | - Network devices. |
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| ismak | Normaly, the Linux Kernel talks straight to the hardware (network card, video card, sound card....) and any program that run in the system ask the kernel to operate the hardware. |
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| ismak | +-----------+-----------+----+ |
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| ismak | | Process 1 | Process 2 | ...| |
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| ismak | +-----------+-----------+----+ |
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| ismak | | Linux Kernel | |
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| ismak | +------------------------------+ |
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| ismak | | Hardware | |
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| ismak | +------------------------------+ |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | The UML kernel doesn't talk to the hardware, it talks to a 'real' Linux Kernel (the kernel of the system where we are running our UML) like any other program. That means that programns can run inside UML as if they were running in a normal kernel, like so: |
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| ismak | +-----------------+ |
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| ismak | | Process 2 | ...| |
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| ismak | +-----------+--------------------+ |
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| ismak | |Process 1 | User-Mode Linux | |
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| ismak | +---------------------------------+ |
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| ismak | | Linux Kernel | |
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| ismak | +---------------------------------+ |
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| ismak | | Hardware | |
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| ismak | +---------------------------------+ |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Some of the benefits of UML are: |
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| ismak | - If the user mode linux crash, the system running uml is still fine and this system can't be damage by an uml crash. |
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| ismak | - The user mode linux can run as non-root user |
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| ismak | - uml run like another process, so you can debug it |
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| ismak | - you can use it for testing new aplications, new kernels, new distributions (run different distributions simultaneously) |
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| ismak | II - What are people using it for? (wait for the translator) |
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| ismak | virtual hosting |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We can use uml for Virtual hosting. UML provides us with a complet Linux System, so we can run anything than can be run in our host. |
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| ismak | An example of a virtual hosting is usermodelinux.org, administrated by David Coulson, which is running in a user mode linux system. |
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| ismak | Kernel development and debugging |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | It is a very good method of kernel debugging. If our uml system crash, the system running uml is still fine, our system will not be damaged. |
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| ismak | We can use some debug programs like gdb, gprof and gcov. The development of drivers is more efficient, because we haven't to reboot the machine, wich decrease the development time. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Process debugging |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | UML can be used to debug user-level processes. If we want to debug some process, we can launch UML, set a breakpoint on the system call, and run the program. |
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| ismak | Safely playing with the latest kernels |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We can use UML to safely probe the latest kernel, so if the kernel contains any bugs, like file corruption bugs, it can't hurt any important data outside of the UML |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Trying out new distributions |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | The filesystem of the UML is completely contained inside a file, so we don't need to use an entire disk partition for it. |
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| ismak | We can find a number of ready-to-go root filesystems loaded with various distributions in the web of UML (http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=429) or we can make our filesystem from the scratch. Later we will see an example with the debian distribution. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Education |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | It's usefull for student than need a dedicated machine, to teach OS development, network administration, and more general system administration. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Experimental development |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Our virtual machine can run with more devices than the physical system running UML, so we can have a virtual system with more memory, mode devices and with more processors. |
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| ismak | We can development and testing of hardware capabilities even when we don't have the relevant hardware |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Poking around inside a running system |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We have a complete OS running outside UML, so we can use it to "look inside" this kernel, that are impossible for a native kernel. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | As a secure sandbox or jail |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Processes running inside uml have no access to the system running uml, so some malicious programs running inside uml can not damage our real system. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Virtual networking |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We can use the network in a running uml. We can setup a virtual network if we want to test experimental services. Later I will explain how to setup a uml with network support. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | As a test environment |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Testing some software requires booting the machine, so with uml we can avoid this loss of time. We can automate this testing. There is a a small perl module implementing a UML object which provides methods to boot a virtual machine, log in to it, run commands, and shut it down. We can find it in the download page (http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=429) |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Disaster recovery practice |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | If you want to know what happen whe you execute rm -rf / ;-) , or you want to practice recovering from a disaster, we can use uml as a practice box. It can be fun :-) |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | A Linux environment for other operating systems |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | UML only runs on Linux right now, but there are some projects to port uml to other OS, so we can have an entire linux environment in other OS |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Now that we know what is user mode linux and how i can use it, i am going to explain some practical examples of uml. How to install, from scratch, a running uml based on Debian |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | III - A Practical Example |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We need a UML kernel and a root filesystem to boot it on. We can get the kernel installing the .rpm or .deb package, or patching the kernel and compiling our UML kernel. |
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| ismak | The .rpm and .deb packages also provide a set of userspace tools, kernel modules, and documentation. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Source Installation |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | If you want to build UML from source, you have to download the patch an apply it to the appropiate Linux source kernel: |
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| ismak | cd linux-2.4.19 |
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| ismak | patch -p1 < uml-patch-2.4.19-37 |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Compiling the user mode kernel is just like compiling any other kernel. This is the process. After patching the kernel we have to compile it: |
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| ismak | make menuconfig ARCH=um (you can use make xconfig and make config) |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | The default kernel configuration works as well, so you don't have to change anything. If you can change something. Its probably nothing will be damaged. Now we have to compile our new kernel: |
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| ismak | make linux ARCH=um |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | After compilation you have the user mode kernel, named linux, in the top directory of your source tree. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Now we are going to compile and install the kernel modules. We compile the modules in the same way as a native kernel with the exception of the 'ARCH=um': |
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| ismak | make modules ARCH=um |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | You can install them by using ftp, uploading these to our UML, or we can mount our root filesystem and copy them in the appropiate directory: |
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| ismak | mount root_fs_file mount_point -o loop |
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| ismak | make modules_install INSTALL_MOD_PATH=`pwd`/mnt ARCH=um |
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| ismak | umount mnt |
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| ismak | this will use the kernel build process to install our modules in our uml root filesystem. |
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| ismak | If we want to use the uml utilities, we have to get the source code and compie it. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Debian installation |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Ok, now i am going to explain the easy way of getting a running uml, with debian of course ;-) |
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| ismak | First, the woody version of debian has the next uml packages: |
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| ismak | user-mode-linux |
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| ismak | user-mode-linux-doc |
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| ismak | uml-utilities |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We have to install the user-mode-linux package: |
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| ismak | apt-get install user-mode-linux (the uml-utilities package will be installed automatically |
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| ismak | by package dependencies) |
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| ismak | We said that the root uml filesystem will be a file, so we are going to create the appropriate file: |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | dd if=/dev/zero of=root_fs_woody bs=1M count=100 |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | By this way we are creating a file of 100 megas size. We can put the size we want. |
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| ismak | This file may have an ext2 filesystem. We use mke2fs to create the ext2 filesystem: |
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| ismak | /sbin/mke2fs -Fq root_fs_woody |
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| ismak | Ok, we have our root filesystem file, now we are going to mount it and create our filesystem structure: |
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| ismak | mkdir /mnt/uml |
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| ismak | mount root_fs_woody /mnt/uml -o loop |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We get the base system package of our Debian version (i have use the latest Debian version: woody): |
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| ismak | wget ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main/disks-i386/base-images-current/basedebs.tar |
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| ismak | Install the base system in our file: |
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| ismak | debootstrap --unpack-tarball /PATH/basedebs.tar woody /mnt/uml/ |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | ok a question |
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| ismak | <Arador> can't you use a partition as root fs UML? |
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| ismak | no, The disk storage of UML is a file |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | or more files if you want to simulate more Hard Drives |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Now we have to configure some files of our uml system: |
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| ismak | cd /mnt/debinst |
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| ismak | vi etc/fstab |
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| ismak | # /etc/fstab: static file system information. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | # /etc/fstab: static file system information. |
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| ismak | # |
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| ismak | # file system mount point type options dump pass |
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| ismak | /dev/ubd0 / ext2 defaults 0 0 |
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| ismak | proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 |
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| ismak | another file: |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | vi etc/inittab |
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| ismak | we comment the above lines, so only an xterm will be launched when the system boot. |
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| ismak | 1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty1 |
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| ismak | #2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty2 |
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| ismak | #3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty3 |
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| ismak | #4:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4 |
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| ismak | #5:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5 |
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| ismak | #6:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6 |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We create an empty source list: |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | touch etc/apt/sources.list |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | OK, now we can launch our uml kernel: |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | linux ubd0=root_fs_woody devfs=nomount rw |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | If we want with cdrom support: |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | linux ubd0=root_fs_woody ubd2r=/dev/cdrom devfs=nomount rw |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | What happen with the network support?. It is the last part of the conference. |
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| ismak | User Mode Linux Networking |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | We need the TUN/TAP device module, sou we need to recompile the kernel (not the uml kernel) with this module supported. |
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| ismak | When we have TUN/TAP device as module, we insert this in the kernel: |
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| ismak | insmod tun |
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| ismak | Create the TUN/TAP interface: |
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| ismak | tunctl -u uiduser |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | where uiduser is the uid of the user running the uml. |
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| ismak | The user that is going to use the TUN/TAP device |
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| ismak | Configure the interface: |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | ifconfig tap0 ip_system netmask netmask_system broadcast broadcast_system |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | where ip_system, netmask_system and broadcast_system are the network parameters of our real system (the system running uml) |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | Now we configure the routing table. We have to allow forwarding and manually create an ARP address mapping entry for the uml host: |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | bash -c 'echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward' |
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| ismak | route add -host uml_ip dev tap0 |
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| ismak | bash -c 'echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/tap0/proxy_arp' |
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| ismak | arp -Ds uml_ip eth0 pub |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | uml_ip must be the ip of the uml network interface. |
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| ismak | /dev/net/tun device must have write permissions for the user running uml: |
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| ismak | chgrp gid /dev/net/tun |
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| ismak | chgrp gid /dev/net/tun |
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| ismak | chmod 660 /dev/net/tun |
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| ismak | Our system is ready to run uml with network support: |
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| ismak | linux ubd0=root_fs_woody devfs=nomount rw eth0=tuntap,tap0 |
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| ismak | Now you have to configure your network parameters in the uml system (ip, gateway, dns,...) and you will have a running uml with network support. |
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| ismak | |
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| ismak | The only thing to do now is to enjoy with it ;-). |
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| ismak | Thats all.... |
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| ismak | Thanks and congratulations to all the translators |
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| ismak | thx: Jacobo, Raul, raciel, Mjesus |
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| fernand0 | plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas |
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| ismak | Arador |
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| fernand0 | plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas |
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| fernand0 | plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas |
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| ismak | Thanks |
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| fernand0 | plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas |
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| Ricardo | plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas |
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| fernand0 | plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas |
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| fernand0 | plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas plas |
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| Arador | plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap |
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| Arador | plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap |
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| Arador | plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap plas clap |
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| > clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
| > clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
| > clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
| > clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
| jacobo | plas plas |
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| catfish | There's an IRC channel for UML support if you have questions at irc.usermodelinux.org, channel #uml |
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| jacobo | :) |
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| MiTo | ismak podrias dar un ejemplo con los files COW ? |
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| sarnold | ismak: thanks :) |
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| ismak | ok, if you want the conference in pdf: |
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| jacobo | clas plac clas plac clas plac |
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| > clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
| ismak | MiTo, yes its not very dificult |
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| > clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
| > clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
| > clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
| MiTo | pls, example |
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| ismak | but, first the URL of the conference: |
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| catfish | MiTo: ./linux ubd0=cow_file,base_file |
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| angelLuis | good!! |
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| MiTo | ok catfish |
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| ismak | http://www.inkatel.int/new/textos/umeet/2002/umeet2002.pdf |
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| catfish | MiTo: where base_file is a read only root filesystem. Make sure you never modify base_file from now on. |
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| slack | clap clap clap clap clap clap clap |
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| ismak | ok, catfish, thanks for your help :-) |
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| MiTo | oks catfish |
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| Arador | ismak: in UNIX everything is a file, why you couldn't use a partition as root fs? |
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| catfish | Arador: You can use a partition as a root filesystem, but you're not required to. |
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| ismak | :-) |
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| Arador | i see |
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| Arador | i tried uml once, but i couldn't run it in my root partition :( |
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| sergio | ismak: isn't it inkatel.com instead of .int? |
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| ismak | sorry |
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| ismak | i have make copy/paste :-) |
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| ismak | s/.int/.com/ ;-) |
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| catfish | Arador: You should _never_ try to share a root partition between the host OS and a UML, or between two UML's., |
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| Arador | catfish: i mean, a copy of the root partition ;) |
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| ismak | yes, you can damage the root filesystem |
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| catfish | Arador: OK, sorry. |
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| Arador | bah reiserfs already damaged it :) |
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| ismak | jeje |
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| catfish | Arador: if you can find the error message, bring it over to irc.usermodelinux.org, #linux and we can troubleshoot there. |
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| Arador | catfish: ok |
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| dg | you mean #uml surely? :) |
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| DrBeck | yeah! |
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| Arador | As UML is a linux system, can you access the hardware if you want? |
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| DrBeck | in time today :D |
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| catfish | Sorry, channel #uml, not #linux. Thanks dg! |
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| catfish | Arador: generally no. The UML kernel can be rescheduled, and that's bad for talking to physical chips. |
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| ismak | i think you cant access the hardware |
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| catfish | Arador: that's why most of the "devices" you use are virtual ones, and only the host kernel talks to physical chips. |
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| Arador | i see, nothing real in UML :) |
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| catfish | Arador: there are exceptions, however; a uml kernel can talk to some host usb devices and a few other specific things. |
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| catfish | Arador: it's all fake. ;-) |
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| ismak | catfish: and what kind of hardware the UML cant speak to? |
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| garoeda | MJesus: and another fine dutch translation finished :-) |
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| catfish | ismak: the uml kernel can't talk directly to most devices. |
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| ismak | but it can talk to some usb devices ok?. I think that it cant talk to any Hardware devices. I have to probe this USB support.... :-) |
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| ismak | its really fun to get a kernel panic.... :-) |
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| MiTo | que pasa si hago un : mkdir /mnt/uml/; mount root_fs -o loop /mnt/uml/; cd /source/uml/kernel/; make modules_install INSTALL_MOD_PATH=/mnt/ ARCH=um , and run uml ? this is correct ? |
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| catfish | ismak: yes, there's a kernel menu option for talking to a usb device. Check the kernel configuration help next time you compile a uml kernel. |
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| ismak | MiTo: what is the problem? |
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| Arador | but.....if it can access the hardware...how it's possible that you can test kernels, and they can crash? For example, i hac a sound driver that does full access to the sound card, i compile the uml kernel and i run it as a non-root user; does UML has access to hardware....or have i to change my midn to understand uml? ;) |
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| catfish | MiTo: It's generally easier to compile a UML kernel that has all the support you need set to "yes" instead of "module". You can use modules if you want |
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| catfish | Arador: UML generally does _not_ get direct access to the hardware; that's why the uml kernel can crash and your host system stays stable. |
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| catfish | Arador: To use sound, for example, you use UML's virtual sound card, which takes sound requests and hands them off to the host kernel to feed to the real sound card. |
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| Arador | catfish: that's why i though, i need to change my mind o_O |
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| catfish | Arador: it's confusing at first. |
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| ismak | all the devices that you can use are virtual devices ok? |
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| catfish | ismak: ypu. |
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| catfish | yup |
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| ismak | and the uml kernel "speak" to the "host kernel" running the uml instead to the hardware |
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| Arador | catfish: but the host kernel (the real one yes?) shouldnt allow you to do it if you aren't root¿? |
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| catfish | Arador: that's not correct. |
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| catfish | Arador: A normal application can talk to the sound card even if it's not running as root, right? |
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| Arador | yes, through /dev/dsp for example |
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| catfish | Arador: as far as the host (=real) kernel is concerned, the uml kernel is an application running as a non-root user. |
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| Arador | but that doesn't allow you to change register in the chip, etc |
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| catfish | Arador: exactly! So the UML kernel opens /dev/dsp. |
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| MiTo | catfish pero no hay problema si esta montado /mnt/uml/ y corro el uml y luego compilo los modulos y hago make modules_install y su PATH?, pls, translate |
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| catfish | Arador: the UML kernel doesn't want to twiddle bits in the sound card, it just wants to play sound through the established devices. |
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| MiTo | my english is bad |
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| ShawnX | ismak: I love UML :) it's helped me and will be helping me blow up the IDE layer tonight ;-) |
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| catfish | Mito: My espanol is worse. :-) |
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| ShawnX | clap clap clap clap clap clap for ismak |
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| MiTo | haha catfish oks |
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| MiTo | no problem |
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| angelLuis | clap clap clap clap :)) |
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| * ShawnX scrolls up to read the lecture |
| catfish | Mito: You can copy compiled modules into the root filesystem that way if you'd like. |
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| ShawnX | ok now im caught up :) |
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| Arador | catfish: but what if the uml kernel needs to change that because a module hack requires it? |
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| ShawnX | ismak: UML 2.5.50 patch broke 2.5.51 ;-( |
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| ShawnX | a function changed which affects some platforms. |
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| catfish | Arador: Such as? |
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| ismak | ShawnX: oh... What happen with 2.5.51? |
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| MiTo | ok, this understand, my question is other |
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| ShawnX | ismak: function: |
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| garoeda | ismak: i don't know whether you have already a dutch install guide on the usermodelinux website but you can add my translation if you want to |
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| catfish | If hardware needs to have special treatment, the host kernel needs to do it. |
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| Arador | catfish: nah, i need to read more UML docs ;) |
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| garoeda | ismak: it will appear on the umeet website |
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| ShawnX | sec getting function |
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| catfish | garoeda: you might want to get in touch with Jeff Dike, the UML kernel developer, and see if he would like a dutch translation of the UML howto. |
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| ismak | garoeda: i am not a user mode linux develop, but i think catfish can help with this |
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| ismak | or send directly to Jeff Dike |
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| catfish | Jeff Dike <jdike@karaya.com> |
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| garoeda | ok, i'll put it on my todo list |
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| jacobo | <MiTo> catfish, but isn't it troublesome if /mnt/uml/ is mounted and I launch uml and then I build the modules and make modules_install ad its PATH? |
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| catfish | jacobo: thanks |
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| ShawnX | -unsigned long do_mmap_pgoff(struct file * file, unsigned long addr, |
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| ShawnX | -unsigned long len, unsigned long prot, |
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| ShawnX | -unsigned long flags, unsigned long pgoff) |
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| ShawnX | +unsigned long do_mmap_pgoff(struct mm_struct *mm, struct file * file, |
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| ShawnX | + unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, |
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| ShawnX | + unsigned long prot, unsigned long flags, |
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| ShawnX | + unsigned long pgoff) |
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| MiTo | gracias jacobo |
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| ShawnX | ismak: this broke alot of platforms |
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| ShawnX | due to the extra argument 'struct mm_strict' |
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| catfish | MiTo: You should unmount the root filesystem before you start the uml, yes. |
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| MiTo | ohh, thanks catfish |
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| ismak | ok ShawnX, i wil to probe it |
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| catfish | ShawnX : Jeff would love patches if you're willing to provide them. |
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| ShawnX | ismak :-) |
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| ShawnX | catfish: well i could fix but im still learning the kernel |
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| ShawnX | :( |
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| catfish | ismak: I hope to see more of you one the mailing lists. |
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| catfish | ismak: you, and everyone else, are welcome to take part. |
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| ismak | catfish: the next time i invited you, or Jeff Dike to speak about UML |
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| ShawnX | time go to ;) |
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| fernand0 | Thanks for the conference and thank you to all for comming |
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| fernand0 | the conversation can follow here |
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| fernand0 | and later there is another talk |
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| catfish | ismak: You did a nice job - neither of us would have done better! |
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| ismak | :-) thank you |
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| fernand0 | see you |
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