Capítulo 12. 4. Cuidados intensivos pediátricos

Bibliografía
 


1. Talner NS. Heart failure. En: Emmanouilides GC, Riemenschneider TA, Allen HD, Gutgesell HP. Moss and Adams Heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. 5ª ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995; 1746-1773.
2. Fuhrman BP, Hernan LJ, Papo MC, Steinhorn DM. Congestive heart failure in infants and children. En: Grenvik A, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC. Textbook of critical care. 3ª ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1995; 488-492.
3. Freed MD. Insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva. En: Fyler DC. Nadas Cardiología pediátrica. 1ª ed. Mosby (ed. esp), 1994; 63-72.
4. Kleinman CS, Donnerstein RL, Jaffe CC, et al. Fetal echocardiography. A tool for evaluation of in utero cardiac arrhythmias and monitoring of in utero therapy: Analysis of 71 patients. Am J Cardiol 1983; 51: 237-243.
5. Fyfe DA, Kline CH. Diagnóstico ecocardiográfico fetal de cardiopatías congénitas. Clin Pediatr NA (ed. esp.) 1990; 1: 43-65.
6. Hantsch TA, Soifer SJ. Congestive heart failure. En: Holbrook PR. Textbook of pediatric critical care. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993; 316-326.
7. Friedman WF, George BL. Treatment of congestive heart failure by altering loading conditions of the heart. J Pediatr 1985; 106: 697-706.
8. Graham TP. Disorders of the circulation: Myocardial dysfunction. En: Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ. Pediatric critical care. St Louise: Mosby Year Book , 1992; 259-268.
9. Parikh SR, Girod DA. Treatment of heart failure in the pediatric and young adult patient. Contemporary treatment in cardiovascular disease 1996; 1: 3-32.
10. Bristow MR, Port JD, Gilbert EM. The role of adrenergic receptor regulation in the treatment of heart failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1989; 3: 971-978.
11. Anderson JL, Gilbert EM, O`Connell JB, et al. Long-term (2yr) beneficial effects of beta-adrenergic blockade with Bucindolol in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 1373-1382.
12. Hoffman JIE. Cardiopatías congénitas: Incidencia y herencia. Clin Pediatr NA (ed. esp.) 1990; 1: 23-41.
13. Baño Rodrigo A, Van Praagh R. Etiología y clasificación de las cardiopatías ongénitas. En: Hernández Rodríguez M. Pediatría. 2ª ed. Madrid: Díaz de Santos, 1994; 735-742.
14. Van Praagh R. Planteamiento segmentario del diagnóstico. En: Fyler DC. Nadas Cardiología pediátrica. 1ª ed. Mosby (ed. esp), 1994;.27-35.
15. Foran RB, Belcourt C, Nanton MA, et al. Isolated infundibuloarterial inversion {S,D,I}: a newly recognized form of congenital heart disease. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 1337-1350.
16. Flynn PA, Engle MA, Ehlers KH. Problemas cardiacos en la sala de urgencias pediátricas. Clin Pediatr NA (ed. esp.) 1992; 5: 1063-1093.
17. Norwood WI. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 688-695.
18. Nadas AS. Hipoxemia. En: Fyler DC. Nadas Cardiología pediátrica. 1ª ed. Mosby (ed. esp), 1994;.73-76.
19. Newburger JW. Secuelas de las cardiopatías congénitas en el sistema nervioso central. En: Fyler DC. Nadas Cardiología pediátrica. 1ª ed. Mosby (ed. esp), 1994; 77-82.
20. Lock JE, Rome JJ. Interventional catheterisation in paediatric and congenital heart disease. En: Stark J, de Leval M. Surgery for congenital heart defects. 2ª ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994; 95-113
21. Emmanouilides GC, Riemenschneider TA, Allen HD, Gutgesell HP. Moss and Adams Heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. 5ª ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995.
22. Stark J, de Leval M. Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects. 2ª ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994.
23. Leblanc JG, Williams WG. The operative and postoperative management of congenital heart defects. New York: Futura Publishing Company, 1993.
24. Shalma A, Sinaiko AR. Systemic hypertension. En: Emmanouilides GC, Riemenschneider TA, Allen HD, Gutgesell HP. Moss and Adams Heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. 5ª ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995; 1641-1659.
25. Sinaiko AR. Farmacoterapia antihipertensora en niños. Clin Pediatr NA (ed esp), 1993, 1: 185-200.
26. Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children (1987). Report of the second task force on blood pressure control in children. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 1-25.
27. Sinaiko AR. Treatment of hypertension in children. Pediatr Nephrol 1994; 8: 603-609.
28. Ruley EJ. Hypertensive emergencies in infants and chidren. En: Grenvik A, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC. Textbook of critical care. 3ª ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1995; 529-538.
29. McAllister RG. Kinetics and dinamics of nifedipine after oral and sublingual doses. Am J Med 1986; 81: 2-5.
30. Houtman PN, Dillon MJ. Medical management of hypertension in childhood. Child Nephrol Urol 1992; 12: 154-161.
31. Nichols DG: Respiratory failure. En: Rogers MC. Textbook of pediatric intensive care. 2ª ed. Baltimore:. Williams ? Wilkins, 1992; 77-354.
32. Anas NG: Respiratory failure. En: Levin DL, Morris FC. Essentials of pediatric intensive care. St.Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1990; 64-72.
33. Dobyns EM, Durmowicz AG, Henry DB, Loftness S, Stenmark R. Acute respiratory failure. En: Hay/Groothuis/Hayward/Levin. Current pediatric diagnosis & treatment. 12ª ed. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange, 1995; 364-375.
34. DeBruin W, Notterman DA, Magid M, Godwin T, Johnson S. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in infants and children: Clinical and pathologic characteristics. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 1223-1234.
35. Lieh-Lai M, Rotta M. Acute respiratory failure. En: Lieh-Lai M, Asi-Bautista M, Ling-McGeorge K. The pediatric acute care handbook. Boston: Little, brown and Co., 1995; 168-193.
36. Nichols DG, Lenox WC, Walker LK, Berkowitz ID. Respiratory failure. En: Nichols/Yaster/Lappe/Haller. Golden Hour: The handbook of advanced Pediatric Life Support. 2ª ed. St.Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1996; 59-89.
37. Steiner RD. Apnea. En: Reisdorff EJ, Roberts MR, Wiegenstein JG. Pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1993; 250-252.
38. Abman SH, Groothins JR. Fisiopatología y tratamiento de la displasia broncopulmonar: Aspectos actuales. Clin Pediatr NA (ed. esp) 1994; 2: 325-362.
39. Sánchez Luna M. Nuevos traatamientos de la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda: Surfactante y óxido nítrico. En: Casado Flores J, Serrano A. Niño críticamente enfermo. Madrid: Díaz de Santos, 1996; 67-77.
40. Ring JC, Stidham GL. Tratamientos nuevos para la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Clin Pediatr NA 1994; 6: 1309-1346.
41. Ruiz López MJ, González Bravo MN. Síndrome de distrés respiratorio tipo adulto en el niño. En: Casado Flores J, Serrano A. Niño críticamente enfermo. Madrid: Díaz de Santos, 1996; 53-66.
42. Arnold J. Airway obstruction. En: Blumer JL. A practical guide to pediatric intensive care. 3ª ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1990; 91-94.
43. Hughes M. Upper Airway Emergencies. En: Reisdorff EJ, Roberts MR, Wiegenstein JG. Pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1993; 260-272.
44. Cantrill SV: Aspirated foreing bodies. En: Reisdorff EJ, Roberts MR, Wiegenstein JG. Pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1993; 298-304.
45. Klassen TP, Watters LK, Feldman ME, Sutcliffe T, Rowe P. Eficacia de la budesonida nebulizada en pacientes ambulatorios afectados de crup y tratados con dexametasona. Pediatrics (ed.esp.) 1996; 41: 222-226.
46. Cressman WR, Myer III CM. Diagnóstico y tratamiento del crup y la epiglotitis. Clin Pediatr NA (ed. esp) 1994; 2: 314-324.
47. Sociedad Española de Neumología Pediátrica. Protocolo de tratamiento del asma infantil. An Esp Pediatr 1995; 43: 439-446.
48. Spivey WH. Asthma. En: Reisdorff EJ, Roberts MR, Wiegenstein JG. Pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1993; 252-260.
49. DeNicola LK, Monem GF, Gayle MO, Kissoon N. Tratamiento del estado asmático grave en niños. Clin Pediatr NA (ed. esp) 1994; 6: 1279-1308.
50. Greenfield RH, Schafermeyer RW. Bronchiolitis. En: Reisdorff EJ, Roberts MR, Wiegenstein JG. Pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1993; 272-277.
51. Rueda Esteban S, García Hernández G, Nogales Espert A. Bronquiolitis. Monografías Pediatría MDP 1996; 99: 9-22.
52. Godínez RI. Aspectos técnicos de los ventiladores mecánicos pediátricos: El ventilador pediátrico ideal. En: Ruza F. Tratado de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. 2ªed. Madrid: Norma, 1994; 414-421.
53. Ruza F. Nuevas formas de ventilación mecánica. En: Casado Flores J, Serrano A. Niño críticamente enfermo. Madrid: Díaz de Santos, 1996; 79-86.
54. Roberts JD, Polaner DM, Lang P, Zapol WM. Inhaled NO in PPHN. Lancet 1992; 340: 818-819.
55. Jato N. Oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea: ECMO. En: Casado Flores J, Serrano A. Niño críticamente enfermo. Madrid: Díaz de Santos, 1996; 123-126.
56. Seshia SS, Seshia MMK, Sachdeva RK. Coma in Childhood. Develop Med Child Neurol 1977; 19: 614-628.
57. Bohn D. Tools for predicting outcome in the neurologically injuried child. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 332-333. 
58. Tasker RC, Matthew DJ, Helms P, Dinwiddie R. Monitoring in non-traumatic coma. Part 1: invasive intracranial measurement. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 888-894.
59. Hamel MB, Goldman K, Teno J, Lynn J, Davis RB, et al Identification of comatose patients at high risk for death or severe disability. JAMA 1995; 273: 1842-1848.
60. Levy DE. Disorders of consciousness. En: Evans RW, Baskin DS, Yatsu FM. Prognosis of Neurological Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992; 353-358.
61. Ghajar J, Hariri RJ. Management of pediatric head injury. Pediat Clin North Am 1992; 39: 1093-1112.
62. Borel C, Hanley D, Diringer MN, et al. Intensive management of severe head injury. Chest 1990; 98: 180-189.
63. Seshia SS, Johnston B, Kasian G. Non-traumatic coma in chilhood: clinical variables in prediction of outcome. Develop Med Child Neurol 1983; 25: 493-501.
64. Sacco RL, Vangool R, Mohr JP, Hauser WA. Nontraumatic coma. Glasgow Coma Score and coma etiology as predictors of 2-week outcome. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 1181-1184.
65. Edgren E, Hedstrand U, Kelsey S, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Safar P. Assessment of neurological prognosis in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Lancet 1994; 334: 1055-59
66. Cruz J, Miner ME, Steven JA, Alves WM, Gennarelli TA. Continous monitoring of cerebral oxigenation in acute brain injury: injection of manitol during hyperventilation. J Neurosurg 1990; 75: 725-730.
67. Sazbon L, Zagreba F, Ronen J, et al. Course and outcome of patients in a vegetative state of nontraumatic etiology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 407-409.
68. Pérez Navero JL, Lorente Acosta M, Ibarra De La Rosa I. Coma hipóxico-isquémico. En: Casado flores J. Comas en el niño. Madrid: Díaz Santos, (en prensa).
69. Livingston DH, Loder PA, Koziol J, et al. The use of CT scanning to triage patients requiring admission following minimal head injury. J Trauma 1991; 31: 483-489. 
70. Mohanty SK, Thompson W, Rakower S. Are CT scans for head injury patients always necessary. J. Trauma 1991; 31: 801-805.
71. Yealy DM, Hogan DE. Imaging after head trauma. Who needs what? Emerg Med Clin North Am 1991; 9: 707-717.
72. Winkler E, Shlomo A, Kriger D, et al. Use of flumazenil in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with coma of unknown etiology. Crit care Med 1993; 21: 538-542.
73. Mofenson HC, Caraccio R, Greenshen J. Acute poisonings. En: Rakel RE. Conn's Current Therapy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993; 1148-1192.
74. Lowenstein DH, Aminoff MJ. Clinical and EEG, features of status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology 1992; 42: 100-104.
75. Saul TG, Ducker TB. Effects of intracranial pressure monitoring and aggresive treatment on mortality in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1982; 56: 498-503.
76. Cold GE; Holgaard HO. Treatment of intracranial- hypertension in acute head injury with special reference to the role of hyperventilation and sedation with barbiturates: a review. Intensive Care World 1992; 4: 172-178.
77. Albright AL, Latchaw RE, Robinson AG. Intracranial and systemic effects of osmotic and oncotic therapy in experimental cerebral edema. J Neurosurg 1984; 60: 481-489
78. Tasker RC. Hipoxia and acute brain insult. 25º update in Intensive Care and Emergency. Medicine 1996; 187-192.
79. Iglesias Berengué J, Ponch Puig JM, Bosch Blancafort J, et al. Traumatismo craneoencefálico grave infantil. Experiencia clínica de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Med Intensiva 1992; 16: 94-98.
80. Chan KH, Mann K, Yue CP, et al. The significance of skull fracture in acute traumatic intracranial hematomas in adolescents: a prospective study. J Neurosurg 1990; 72: 189-192.
81. Perez Navero JL. Palacios A. Moreno F. Espino R. Barcones F y Romanos A. Traumatismos craneoencefálicos en niños: Revisión de 120 casos. Rev Esp Pediatr 1990; 46: 233-237.
82. Triginer C. Traumatismo craneoencefálico grave. Nuevas perspectivas en politraumatizados. Barcelona: MCR S.A., 1992.
83. Chesnut RM, Marshall LF. Management of head injury: Treatment of abnormal intracranial pressure. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1991; 2: 267-284.
84. Murillo F, Muñoz MA, León J et al. Traumatismo craneoencefálico no severo. Med intensiva 1991; 15: 208.
85. Gunnar W, Jonasson O, Merlotti G, et al. Head injury and hemorragic shock: Studies of the blood brain barrier and intracranial pressure after resuscitation with normal saline solution, 3 % saline solutin, and dextran 40. Surgery 1988; 103: 398-407.
86. Johnson MH, Lee SH. Computed tomography of acute cerebral trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 1992; 30: 325-352.
87. Smith HK, Miller JD. The danger of an ultra-early computed tomographic scan in a patient with an envolving acute epidural hematoma. Neurosurgery 1991; 29: 258-260. 
88. Stein SC, Ross SE. The value of computed tomographic scans in patients with low risk head injuries. Neurosurgery 1990; 26: 638-640.
89. Griebel ML, Kearns GL, Fiser DH. Woody RC, Turley CP. Phenytoin protein binding -in pediatric patients with acute traumatic injury. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 385.
90. Goldmisth DI, Novello AC. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of renal function En: Edelman CM. Pediatric kidney disease. 2ª ed. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1992;.463-470.
91. Schwartz GJ, Feld LG, Langford DJ. A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in full term infants during de first year of life. J Pediatr 1984; 104: 849-854.
92. Papadopoulou ZL. Children are different. En: Jhonson TR, Moore WM, Jeffries JE. Developmental Physiology. 2ª ed. Columbus: Ross Laboratories, 1987; 97-102.
93. Boineau FG, Lewy JE. Estimation of parenteral fluids requirements. Pediatr Clin of North Am 1990, 37: 257-264
94. Stapleton FB, Jones DP, Green RS. Acute renal failure in neonates: incidence, etiology and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol 1987; 1: 314-320.
95. Siegel NJ. Management of acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 1990; 4: 358.
96. Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD. Nonoliguric and oliguric acute renal failure in asphyxiated term neonates. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9: 718-722.
97. Chan JCM, Alon U, Oken DE. Acute renal failure. En: Edelman CM. Pediatric kidney disease. 2ª ed. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1992; 1923-40.
98. Robson AM, Cameron JS. Acute renal failure in the neonate and acute renal failure in the older child. En: Cameron S, Davison AM, Grünfeld JP, Ken D and Ritz E. Oxford textbook of clinical nephrology. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1992; 1110-1123.
99. Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD. Acute renal failure in the neonate. Clin Perinatol 1992; 19:139-158.
100. Hentschel R., Lödige B, Bulla M. Renal insufficiency in the neonatal period. Clin Nephrol 1996; 46: 54-58.
101. Donckerwolcke R, Broyer M, Chantler M, Rizzoni G. Renal replacement therapy in children. En: Jacobs C, Kjellstrand C, Koch K, Winchester J. Replacement of renal function by dialysis. 4ª ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996; 863-895.
102. Smoyer EW, MacAdams C, Kaplan SB, Sherbotie JR. Determinants of survival in pediatric continous hemofiltration. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 1401-1409.
103. Habid R: Syndrome hemolytique et uremique. En: Royer P, Broyer M. Nephrologie pediatrique. 3ª ed. Paris: Flammarion Medicine Sciences, 1983; 401-413.
104. Miller K, Kin Y. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. En: Holliday AA, Martin Barrat J, Vernier RK. Pediatric nephrology. 2ª ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1987;.482-489.
105. Montoliu J. Microangiopatía trombótica. Síndrome urémico-hemolítico y púrpura trombótica trombocitopénica. MTA Medicina Interna 1989; 7:517-546.
106. Martínez C, Moreno MJ. El síndrome hemolítico urémico en la infancia. An C Intensivos 1987, 7: 274-281.
107. Gomez Campdera FJ, López Gómez JM. Síndrome hemolítico-urémico en la infancia. Rev Clin Esp 1982; 167: 71-77.
108. Cleary TG. Cytotoxin-producing E. Colli and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatric Clin North Am 1988; 35: 485-501.
109. Siegler RL. The hemolytic uremic symdrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 1995; 42: 1505-1529.
110. Eknoyan L, Griggs SA. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. En: Massry SG, Glassock RJ. Textbook of neprhology. 2ª ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1989; 732-738.
111. Sheth KJ, Swick HM, Haworth N. Neurological involvement in HUS. Ann Neur 1986; 19: 90-93.
112. National Diabetes Data Group. Classification diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categorie glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979; 28: 1039-1043.
113. Sperling MA. Diabetes mellitus. En: Kaplan SA. Clinical pediatric endocrinology. Nueva York: W. Saunders, 1990; 127-133.
114. Foster DW, McGarry JD. The metabolic derangements and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 159-162.
115. La Porte RE, Dorman JS, Orchard TJ, Beckor DJ. Preventing insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: environmental challenge. Br Med J 1987; 295: 479-482.
116. Serrano Rios M, Coy CS, Martin Serrano, et al. Dependence of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus subjects 0-14 years of age in the Comunidad de Madrid. Spain. Diabetología 1991; 33: 422-426.
117. Duck SC, Wyatt DT. Factors associate with brain herniation in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. J. Pediatr 1988; 113: 10-14.
118. Gullans SR, Verbalis JG. Control of brain volume during hyperosmolar and hypoosmolar conditions. Annu Rev Med 1993; 44: 289-293.
119. Townsend RR, Kapoor SC. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 641-644.
120. Nolte MS. Insuline therapy in insulin dependent (Type I) diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1992; 2: 281-286.
121. The Diabetes Control And Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:977-982.
122. Shield JPH, Baum JD. Prevention of long term complications in diabetes. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 258-262.
123. Orth DN, Kovacs WJ, Debold CR. The adrenal cortex. En: Wilson JD, Foster D. Texbook of Endocrinology. New York: WB Saunders Company, 1992; 489495.
124. Miller WJ. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Endocr Metab Clin North America 1991; 721-726.
125. - White PL, New MI, Dupont B. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1519-1526.
126. Pang S, Wallace MA, Hofman L. Worldwide experience in newborn screening for classical adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylasa deficiency. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 866-870.
127. Donaldson MDC, Thomas PH, Love JG, Murray GD, Mcninch AW, Savage DCL. Presentation, acute illness, and learning difficulties in salt wasting 21-hydroxylase. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 214-218.
128. Miller WL. Genetics, diagnosis and management of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin End Metab 1994; 78: 241-246. 
129. New MI, White PS, Speiser P. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. En: Martínez Mora J. Intersexual states. Disorders of sex differentiation. Barcelona: Doyma, 1994; 162.
130. Young MC, Hughes IA. Response to treatment of congenital drenal hyperplasia in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 441.
131. New MI, Dupont B, Grumbach K, Levine LS. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and related conditions. In Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Fredrickson DS, Goldstein, JL, Brown MS, eds. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. New York: MacGraw-Hill, 1983. 
132. Appan S, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CGD. Monitoring treatment in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 1235-1239.
133. Chrousos GP, Evans MI, Loriaux DI, et al. Therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: at prevention pf abnormal external genital masculin by pharmacologic suppression of the adrenal utero. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985; 458: 156.
134. Blackburn P. Dehydratation and fluid replacement. En: Reisdorff EJ, Roberts MR, Wiegenstein JG. Pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993; 108-128.
135. Ruza F, Alonso A. Alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas agudas en pediatría. En: Ruza F. Tratado de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. 2ª ed. Madrid: Norma, 1994; 653-664.
136. Sarnaik AP, Meert K, Hackbarth R, Fleischmann L. Manegement of hyponatremic seizures in children with hypertonic saline: a safe and efective strategy. Crit Care Med 1991;19: 758-762.
137. Man S, Hugh J. Electrolyte and acid-base disorders. En: Chernow B. Essentials of critical care pharmacology. 2ªed. Baltimore: Williams and Willkins, 1994; 483-494.
138. Murdoch IA, Dos Anjos R, Haycock GB. Treatment of hyperkalaemia with intravenous salbutamol. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66: 527-528.
139. McClure RJ, Prasad VK, Brocklebank JT. Treatment of hyperkalaemia using intravenous and nebulised salbutamol. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 126-128.
140. Rodríguez-Soriano J. Potassium homeostasis and its disturbances in children. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9: 364-374.
141. Weigle CG. Metabolic and endocrine disease in pediatric intensive care. En: Rogers MC. Textbook of pediatric intensive care. 2ª ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1987; 1076-1085.
142. Cardenas-Rivero N, Chernow B, Stoiko MA, Nussbaum SR, Todres ID. Hypocalcemia in critically ill children. J Pediatr 1989; 114: 946-951.
143. Desai TK, Carlson RW, Geheb MA. Prevalence and clinical implications of hypocalcemia in acutely ill patients in a medical intensive care setting. Am J Med 1988; 84: 209-214.
144. Zaloga GP. Hypocalcemia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 251-262.
145. De la Oliva, García S. Alteraciones de los iones divalentes en los niños críticamente enfermos. En: Ruza F. Tratado de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. 2ª ed. Madrid: Norma, 1994; 665-672.
146. Bilezikian JP. Management of acute hypercalcemia. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1196-1203.
147. Wilson CB. Inmunologic basis for increased susceptibility of the neonate to infection. J Pediatr 1986; 108: 1-7.
148. Gotoff S, Berhman R. Neonatal septicemia. J Pediatr 1970; 76:142-149.
149. Press S, Fawcett NP. Association of temperature greater than 41.1ºC (106ºF) with serious illness. Clin Pediatr 1985; 24: 21-25.
150. Kliegman RM, Berhman RE. La fiebre como manifestación de una enfermedad bacteriana grave. En: Berhman RE. Nelson Tratado de Pediatría. 14ª ed. Nueva York: Interamericana / McGraw-Hill, 1993; 783-786.
151. McCarthy PL. Management of the febrile infant. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 1251-1253.
152. Kramer MS. Should blood cultures be obtained in the evaluation of young febrile children without evident focus of bacterial infection? A decision analysis of diagnostic management strategies. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 18-27.
153. Wasserman GM, White CB. Evaluation of the necesity for hospitalization of the febrile infant less than three months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis 1990; 9:163-170.
154. Carroll WL, Farrell M, Singer JI. Treatment of occult bacteremia: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics 1983; 72: 608-614.
155. O`Rourke PP, Crone RK. Pediatric and neonatal intensive care. En: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LDH. Principles of critical care. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992; 2205-2237.
156. Pomeroy SL. Seizures and other neurologic sequelae of bacterial meningitis in children. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1651-1657.
157. Kaplan SL. Use of corticosteroids in bacterial meningitis. Infect Dis Newslett 1990; 9: 57-59.
158. Finch RG, Mandragos C. Corticosteroids in bacterial meningitis. Not yet justified for all patients. Br Med J 1991; 302: 607-608.
159. Autret E. Place des glucocorticoides dans la traitement des méningites bactériennes de l’enfant. Arch Fr Pedaitr 1992; 49: 385-388.
160. Koskiniemi M, Rautonen J, Lehtokoski-Lehtiniemi E, Vaheri A. Epidemiology of encephalitis in children: a 20 year survey. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 492-498.
161. Freddi N, De Carlos JC. Encefalitis aguda vírica. En: Ruza F. Tratado de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. 2ª ed. Madrid: Norma, 1994; 905-911.
162. Brooks JG. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Apparent life-Threatening Events. En: Levin DL, Morriss FC. Essentials of pediatric intensive care. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1990; 262-266.
163. Bergman AB, Beckwith JB, Ray CC. Sudden infant death syndrome. Procceding of the Second International Conference on Causes of Sudden Death in Infants. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970.
164. Emery JL. Is Sudden infant death syndrome a diagnosis? Or is it just a diagnostic dustbin?. BMJ 1989; 299: 1240.
165. Bass M, Kravath RE, Glass L. Death-scene investigation in sudden infant death. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:100-105.
166. Emery JL, Howat AJ, Variend S et al. Investigation of inborn errors of metabolism in unexpected infant deaths. Lancet 1988; 2: 29-31.
167. Valdés-Dapena M. The pathologist and the sudden infant death syndrome. Am J Path 1982; 106: 118-131.
168. Gilbert E, Barness LA. Causa de muerte súbita: ¿Síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante, o algo más?. Contemp Pediatr 1992; 6: 295-303.
169. Willinger M, James SL, Catz C et al. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome: Deliberations of an expert panel convened at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatr Pathol 1991; 11: 677-685.
170. Grupo de la A.E.P. para la prevención de la muerte súbita infantil. Síndrome de la muerte súbita del lactante. Sociedad de Pediatría de Andalucía Occidental y Extremadura. Cordoba, 1992.
171. Harper RM, Leake B, Hoppenbrouwers T. Polygraphics studies of normal infants at risk for the sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1978; 12: 778-785.
172. Leistner HL, Haddad GG, Epstein RA. Heart rate and herath variability during sleep in aborted sudden infant death syndrome. J pediatr 1980; 97: 51-55.
173. Naeye RL. Preventing the sudden infant death syndrome. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1990; 4: 12-16.
174. Naeye RL. Hypoxemia and the sudden infant death syndrome. Science 1974; 186: 837-840.
175. Giulian GG, Gilbert EF, Moss RL. Elevated fetal hemoglobin levels in sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1122-1126.
176. Williams A, Vawter G, Reid L. Increased musculary of the pulmonary circulation in victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics. 1979; 63: 18-22.