Capítulo 12. 6. Soporte vital en Pediatría

Bibliografía
 

1.- Grupo de Trabajo del European Resuscitation Council, la American Heart Association, la Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada y el Australian Resuscitation Council. Pautas recomendadas para la comunicación uniforme de los datos en la parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria: El "estilo Utstein" (nueva versión abreviada). Med Intensiva, 1993; 17: 461-72.
2.- Gillis J, Dickson D, Rieder M: Results of inpatient paediatric resuscitation. Crit Care Med, 1986; 14: 469-71.
3.- Lavaud J, Chabernand JL, Barbier ML, Ferrier IM, Johanet S, Hobeika G: Arrêt Cardiocirculatoire. En: Reanimation et transport Pediatriques, 2ªed. Paris. Ed Masson, 1992: 148-158.
4.- Informe del Grupo Español de RCP Pediátrica: La formación en reanimación cardipulmonar pediátrica: Cursos de reanimación cardiopulmonar básica y avanzada pediátrica y neonatal. An Esp Pediatr, 1996; 44: 2-6.
5.- Santa Biblia. Libro de los Reyes II, Capítulo 4, versículos 34-35.
6.- Kouwenhoven WB, Ing DR, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG: Closed chest cardiac massage. JAMA, 1960; 173: 1064-68.
7.- Safar P, Brown TC, Holtey WH: Ventilation and circulation with closed chest massage in man. JAMA, 1961; 176: 574-78.
8.- Statement by Ad Hoc Committee on CPR of the Division of Medical Sciences. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC): Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). JAMA, 1966; 198: 372-79.
9.- Safar P: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. World Federation or Societies of Anesthesiologists. A. Laerdal. Stavenger, 1968.
10.- Standards for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC). JAMA, 1974; 227 (suppl): 833-68.
11.- Standards for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC). JAMA, 1980; 244: 453-509.
12.- Standards and guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC). JAMA, 1986; 255: 2905-84.
13.- Standards and guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC). JAMA, 1992; 268: 2172-2295.
14.- Guidelines for basic life support. A statement by the Basic Life Support Working party of the European Resuscitation Council 1992. Resuscitation, 1992; 24: 103-10.
15.- Guidelines for advanced life support. A statement by the Advanced Life Support Working party of the European Resuscitation Council 1992. Resuscitation, 1992; 24: 111-121.
16.- Guidelines for paediatric life support. A statement by the Pediatric Life Support Working party of the European Resuscitation Council 1993. Resuscitation, 1994; 27: 91-105.
17.- Chameides L, Donegan JH (ed): Recognition of Respiratory Failure and Shock: Anticipating Cardiopulmonary Arrest. En: Textbook of Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Working Group on Pediatric Resuscitation (American Academy of Pediatrics) and Subcommittee on Emergency Care (AHA). American Heart Association, 1988: 3-9.
18.- Calvo Macías C: Reanimación Cardiopulmonar en Pediatría. Consideraciones generales. Med Intensiva, 1994; 18: 270-76.
19.- Guía para la formación de instructores en RCP pediátrica y neonatal. Plan Andaluz de RCP. Grupo Pediátrico Español de RCP. Servicio Andaluz de Salud, 1996.
20.- Chameides L, Hazinski MF: Textbook of Pediatric Advanced Life Support. American Heart Association, 1994.
21.- Chameides L, Donegan JH (ed): Basic Life Support. En: Textbook of Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Working Group on Pediatric Resuscitation (American Academy of Pediatrics) and Subcommittee on Emergency Care (AHA). American Heart Association, 1988: 11-19.
22.- Ehrlich R, Rodríguez Torres R: Pediatric Cardiac Resuscitation Team: A 6 years study. J Pediatr, 1974; 84: 152-55.
23.- Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Getson P, Kuchl K: CPR in children. Ann Emerg Med, 1987; 16: 1107-11.
24.- Schleien CL, Kuluz JW, Shaffner DH, Rogers MC: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. En:  Mark C.Rogers: Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care, 2º ed. Baltimore. Williams & Wilkins, 1992: 3-51.
25.- Díaz Castellanos MA: Introducción y generalidades en RCP. En: Apuntes de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar, 2ª ed. Grupo de Trabajo de RCP. Comité Andaluz de RCP. SAMIUC. Plan Andaluz de Urgencias. Servicio Andaluz de Salud, 1995.
26.- Tormo C, Calvo C, Delgado MA, López-Herce J, Rodríguez Núñez A, Loscertales M, García Castrillo L: Soporte vital en Pediatría. En: Comité Español de RCP: Manual de Soporte Vital Avanzado. Barcelona. Masson, 1996: 111-34.
27.- Gutierrez J, Cantalapiedra JA, Arribas P, Tormo C, Montejo JC: Recomendaciones en Resucitación cardiopulmonar: American Heart Association frente a European Resuscitation Council. ¿Cuál refleja más fielmente el conocimiento científicamente demostrado?. Med Intensiva, 1995; 19: 313-26.
28.-González de Dios J: Modificaciones en la reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica. An Esp Pediatr, 1995; 42: 152-53.
29.- Krongrad E, O'Neill L: Near miss sudden infant death syndrome episodes? A clinical and electrocardiographic correlation. Pediatrics, 1986; 77: 811-13.
30.- Kisting M, Goeting MG: The misdiagnosis of pediatric cardiac arrest: Pseudo-electromechanical dissociation in children. Acad Emerg Med, 1994; 1: A87.
31.- Goetting MG: Reanimación cardiopulmonar. Clin Pediatr N Am, 1994; 6: 1143-77.
32.- Berg RA, Kern KB, Otto CW: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Is ventilation necessary?. Circulation, 1993; 88: 1907-15.
33.- Sellick BA: Criocid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anaesthesia. Lancet, 1961; 2: 404-6.
34.- Heimlich HJ: Pop goes the cafe coronary. Emerg Med, 1974; 6: 154-7.
35.- Katsilabros L: Centrifugal force as a life.safing manoeuvre for choking og food. Lancet, 1980; 1: 874-6.
36.- Weale FE, Lond MS, Rothwell-Jackson RL: The efficiency of cardiac massage. Lancet, 1962; 61: 345-7.
37.- Rudikoff MT, Maughan WL, Efforn M, Freund P, Weisfeldt ML: Mechanism of boold flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation, 1980; 61: 345-8.
38. Criley JM, Blaufuss AJ, Kissel G: Cough-induced cardiac compression JAMA, 1976; 263: 1246-50.
39.- Chandra NC, Tsitlik JE, Halperin HR, Guerci AD, Weisfeldt ML: Observations of hemodynamics during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med, 1990; 18: 929-14.
40.- Paradis NA, Martin GB, Goeting MG: Simultanous aortic, jugular bulb and right atrial pressures during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans: insights into mechanism. Circulation, 1989; 80: 361-5.
41.- Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Hausknecht M, Garner D, Criley JM: Pressure-synchronized cineangiography during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation, 1981; 64: 985-92.
42.- Cohen JM, Chandra N, Alderson PO, Vanaswegen A, Tsitlik JE, Weisfeldt ML: Timing of pulmonary and systemic blood flow durig intermittent high intrathoracic pressure cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the dog. Am J Cardiol, 1982; 49: 1883-5.
43.- Rich S. Wix HL, Shapiro EP: Clinical assessment of heart chamber size and valve motion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by two-dimensional echocardiography. Am Heart J, 1981; 102: 368-71.
44.- Werner JA, Greene HL, Janko CL, Cobb LA: Visualitation of cardiac valve motion in man during external chest compression using two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation, 1981; 63: 1417-9.
45.- Feneley MP, Maier GW, Gaynor JW: Sequence of mitral valve motion and transmitral blood flow durin manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulatio, 1987; 76: 363-6.
46.- Hackl W, Simon P, Mauritz W, Steinbereithner K: Echocardiographic assesment of mitral valve function during mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Anesth Anal, 1990; 70: 350-2.
47.- Babbs CF, Tacker WA, Paris RL, Murphy RJ, Davis RW: CPR with simultaneous compression and ventilation at high airway pressure in 4 animals models. Crit Care Med, 1982; 10: 501-4.
48.- Schleien CL, Dean MJ, Koehler RC: Effect of epinephrine on cerebral and myocardial perfusion in an infant animal preparation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation, 1986; 77: 809-3.
49.- Krischer JP, Fine EG, Weisfeldt ML, Guerci AD, Nagel E, Chandra N: Comparison of prehospital conventional and simultaneus compression-ventilation cardiopulmoary resuscitation. Crit Care Med, 1989; 17: 1263-69.
50.- Lepilin MG, Vasilyev AV, Bildinov OA: End-tidal carbon dioxide as a noninvasive monitor of circulatory status during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A preliminar clinical study. Crit Care Med, 1987; 15: 958-1000.
51.- Paradis NA, Martin GB, Rivers EP: Coronary perfusion pressure and return of spontaneous circulation in human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA, 1990; 263: 1106-9.
52.- Goetting MG: Effect of basic life support and epinephrine on coronary perfusion pressure in pediatric cardiac arrest (asbtract). Crit Care Med, 1994; 22: A152.
53.- Enns J, Tweed WA, Donen N: Prehospital cardiac rhythm deterioration in a system providing only basic life support. Ann Emerg Med, 1983; 12: 478-81.
54.- Goetting MG, Paradis NA; Right atrial-jugluar venous pressure gradient during CPR  in children. Ann Emerg Med, 1991; 20: 27-31.
55.- Lewis LM, Gómez CR, Rouff BE: Transcranial doppler determination of cerebral perfusion in patients undergoing CPR: Methodology and preliminary findings. Ann Emerg Med, 1990; 19: 1148-52.
56.- Lewinter JR, Carden DL, Nowak RM: CPR-dependent consciousness: Evidence for cardiac compression causing forward flow. Ann Emerg Med, 1989; 18: 1111-2.
57.- Christensen SF, Stadeager C, Siemkowicz E: Estimation of cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. Resuscitation, 1990; 19: 115-8.
58.- Goetting MG, Paradis NA, Appleton TJ: Aortic-carotid artery pressure differences and cephalic perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. Crit Care Med, 1991; 19: 1012-14.
59.- Quan L, Kinder DR: Pediatric submersions: Prehospital predictors of outcome. Pediatrics, 1992; 90: 909-914.
60.- Nichols DG, Kettrick RG, Swedelow DB: Factors influencing outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children. Pediatr Emerg Care, 1986; 2: 1-4.
61.- Goetting MG: Extreme cerebral oxygen extraction ratios in pediatric CPR. Nuerology, 1991; 41 (suppl 1): 776.
62.- Orlowski JP: cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1980; 27: 495-521.
63.- Taylor GC, Tucker WM, Greene HL: Importance of prolonged compression durin cardiopulmonary resuscitation in man. N Eng J Med, 1977; 296: 1515-8.
64.- Dean JM, Koehler RC, Schleien CL: Improved blood flow during prolonged cardio-pulmonary resuscitation with 30% duty cicle in infant pigs. Circulation, 1991; 84: 896-9.
65.- David R: Closed-chest cardiac massage in the newborn infant. Pediatrics, 1988; 81: 552-6.
66.- Schuster M, Goetting MG: Age-independent chest compression depths: A better method of CPR. Acad Emerg Med, 1994; 1: A89.
67.- Thaler MM, Stobie GHC: An improved technique of esternal cardiac compression in infant and young children. N Eng J Med, 1963; 269: 606-9.
68.- Menegazzi JJ, Auble TE, Nicklas KA: An experimental algorithm versus standard advance cardiac life support in a swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med, 1993; 22: 235-9.
69.- Berg RA, Sanders AB, Milander M: Efficacy of audio-prompted rate guidance in improving resuscitator performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on children. Acad Emerg Med, 1994; 1: A35.
70.- Goetting MG: Higher chest compression rates improve the coronary perfusion pressure in pediatric CPR. Acad Emerg Med, 1994; 1: A20.
71.- Zoll PM, Belgard AH, Weintraub MJ, Frank HA: External mechanical cardiac stimulation. N Engl J Med, 1976; 294: 1274-75.
72.- Caldwell G, Millar G, Quinn E, Vincent R, Chamberlain DA: Simple mchanical methods for cardioversion: defense of the precordial thump and cough version. Br Med J, 1985; 291: 627-30.
73.- Miller J, Trech D, Horwitz L, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Darin J: The precordial thump. Ann Emerg Med, 1984; 13: 791-94.
74.- Proceedings of the 1992 National Conference on guidelines for cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care. Ann Emerg Med, 1993; 22: 275-511.
75.- Chameides L, Donegan JH (ed): Pediatric airway management. En: Textbook of Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Working Group on Pediatric Resuscitation (American Academy of Pediatrics) and Subcommittee on Emergency Care (AHA). American Heart Association, 1988: 21-35.
76.- Melker R, Cavallaro D, Krischer J: A pediatric gastric tube airway. Crit Care Med, 1981; 9: 426-433.
77.- Davies PRF, Tighe SQM, Greenslade GL, Evans GH: Laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube insertion by unskilled personnel. Lancet, 1990; 336: 977-979.
78.- Jacobs HB: Emergency percutaneous transtracheal catheter and ventilator: J Trauma, 1972; 12: 50-55.
79.- Neff CC, Pfister RC, Van Sonnenberg E:  Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation: Experimental and practical aspects. J Trauma 1983; 23: 84-87.
80.- Delgado MA: Optimización ABC de la RCP pediátrica. Med Intensiva, 1994; 18: 277-281.
81.- Mercier JC, Beaufils F: Traitment de l'arrêt cardiaque chez l'enfant: Réanimation cardio-pulmonaire avancée. Arch Fr Pediatr, 1988; 45: 829-838.
82.- Calvo C, Delgado MA, García L, López-Herce J, Loscertales M, Rodríguez A, Tormo C: Normas de reanimación cardiopulmonar básica y avanzada en pediatría (2ª parte). An Esp Pediatr, 1995; 43: 323-334.
83.- 1992 Conference on cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care. Pediatric Avanced life Support. JAMA, 1992; 268: 2262-2275.
84.- López-Herce J: Vías de infusión y fármacos. Monitorización electrocardiográfica. Tratamiento de las arritmias. Med Intensiva, 1994; 18:282-287.
85.- Berg RA: Emergency infusion of catecholamines into bone narrow. Am J Dis Child, 1984; 138: 810-814.
86.- Hapnes SA, Robertson C: CPR-drug delivery routes and systems: A statement for advanced life support working party of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation, 1992; 24: 137-142.
87.- Otto CW, Yakaitis RW, Blitt CD: Mechanism of action of epinephrine in resuscitation from asphyxial arrest. Crit Care Med, 1981; 9: 321-327.
88.- Lindner KH, Koster R: Vasopressor drugs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation, 1992; 24: 147-153.
89.- Chamberlain D, Bossaert L, Carli P, Edgren E, Ekstron L, Hapnes S: Guidelines  for advanced life support: A Statement by the Advanced life Support  Working Party of the European Resuscitation Council 1992. Resuscitation, 1992; 24: 111-121.
90.- Lindner KH, Ahnefeld FW, Bowdler IM: Comparison of different doses of epinephrine on myocardial perfusion and resuscitation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pig model. Am J Emerg Med, 1991; 9: 27-31.
91.- Goetting MG, Paradis NA: High-dose epinephrine improves outcome from pediatric cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med, 1991; 20: 22-26.
92.- Graf H, Leach W, Arieff AI: Evidence for a detrimental effect of bicarbonate therapy in hypoxic lactic acidosis. Science, 1985; 227: 754-760.
93.- Bellingham AJ, Detter JC, Lenfant C: Regulatory mechanisms of hemoglobin oxygen affinity in acidosis and alkalosis. J Clin Invest, 1971; 50: 700-705.
94.- Koster R, Carli P: Acid-base management. Resuscitation, 1992; 24: 143-146.
95.- Berenyi KJ, Wolk M, Killip T: Cerebrospinal fluid acidosis complicating therapy of experimental cardiopulmonary arrest. Circulation, 1975; 52: 319-324.
96.- Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R: Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med, 1986; 315: 153-159.
97.- Katz AM, Reuter H: Cellular calcium and cardiac cell death. Am J Cardiol, 1979. 44: 188-194.
98.- Stang JM, Washington SE, Barnes SA: Treatment of prehospital refractory ventricular fibrillation with bretylium tosylate. Ann Emerg Med, 1984; 13: 234-240.
99.- Bossaert L, Koster R: Defibrillation: methods and strategies. Resuscitation, 1992; 24: 211-225.
100.- Chameides L, Brown GE, Raye JR: Guidelines for defibrillation in infants and children: Report of the American Heart Association Target Activity Group: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the young. Circulation, 1977; 56S: 502A-507A.
101.- Olson DW, Thompson BM, Darin JC, MilbrathMH: A randomized comparison of bretilium tosylate and lidocaine in resuscitation of patients from out of hospital ventricular fibrillation in paramedic system. Ann Emerg Med, 1984; 13: 807-810.
102.- Von Planta M, Chamberlain D: Drug treatment of arrhytmias during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation, 1992; 24: 227-232.
103.- Rosenberg DI: Organ resuscitation after cardiac arrest. Blumer JL. En: A practical guide to Pediatric Intensive Care. Third Edition. Ed. Mosby-Year book, Inc. St. Louis,1990: 65-70.
104.- Konachek PM, Uhl MW, Schoettle RJ: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopaty: pathobiology and therapy of the postresuscitation syndrome in children. Fuhrman BP and Zimmerman JJ. En Pediatric Critical Care. Ed. Mosby Year Book. Inc. St. Louis, 1992: 637-657.
105.- Tasker RC: Hipoxia and Acute Brain Insult. 25º Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 1996: 187-192.
106.- Pulsinelli WA, Waldman S, Rawlinson D, Plum F: Moderate hyperglycemia augments  ischemic brain damage: a neuropathologic study in the rat. Neurology, 1982; 32: 1239-41.
107.- Hattori H, Wasterlain CG: Posthypoxic glucose supplement reduces hypoxic-ischemic  brain damage in the neonatal rat. Ann Neurol, 1990; 28: 122-125.
108.- Cohan SL, Mun SK, Petite J: Cerebral blood flow in humans following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Stroke, 1989; 20: 761-764.
109.- Gisvold S, Sterz F, Abramson NS, Bar-Joseph G, Ebmeyer U, et al: Cerebral resuscitation from cardiac arrest: treatment  potentials. Crit Care Med, 1996; 24: S69-S79.
110.- Bohn D: Tools for predicting outcome in the neurologically injuried child. Crit Care Med, 1993; 21 (9S): 332-333.
111.- Fisher B, Peterson B, Hicks G: Use of brainstem auditory-evoked response testing to assess neurologic outcome  following near drowning in children. Crit Care Med, 1992; 20: 578-585.
112.- Chameides L, Donegan JH (ed): Ethical and Legal Aspects of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Children. En: Textbook of Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Working Group on Pediatric Resuscitation (American Academy  of Pediatrics) and Subcommittee on Emergency Care (AHA). American Heart Association, 1988: 81-92.
113.- Ladrón de Guevara J, Moya AP, Ladrón de Guevara L: El nuevo Código Penal y el ejercicio clínico de la medicina. Ed. Doyma, SA. Madrid, 1997.