Capítulo 12. 2. Sedación y analgesia

Bibliografía
 

1. Barr J, Donner A. Optimal intravenous dosing strategies for sedatives and analgesics in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin, 1995 Oct; 11(4): 827-47.
2. Tung A, Rosenthal M. Patients requiring sedation. Crit Care Clin 1995 Oct; 11(4): 791-802.
3. Shapiro BA. Sedation for mechanically ventilated patients: back to basics please!. Crit Care Med 1994 Jun; 22: 904-6.
4. Murray M, DeRuyter M, Harrison B. Opioids and benzodiazepines. Crit Care Clin 1995 Oct; 11(4): 849-873.
5. Salonen MA, Maze M. Molecular mechanism of action for hypnotic an sedative agent. En Feldman SA, Paton W, Scurr C: Mechanisms of drugs in anaesthesia, ed 2. London, Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 1993, pág: 205.
6. McCauley LD, Gee KW, Yamamura HI. Basic pharmacology of benzodiazepines. In Bowdle TA (ed): Pharmacologic basis of anesthesiology: basic science and practical applications. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1994, pág. 244.
7. Klotz U. Drug interactions and clinical pharmacokinetics of flumazenil. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1988; 2: 103.
8. Pepperman ML. Double blind study of the reversal of midazolam-induced sedation in the intensive care unit with flumazenil: effect on weaning from mechanical ventilation. Anesth Intensive Care 1990; 18:38.
9. Ng KO, Tang GJ, Hseu SS, Hsing CH, Lee Ty. Seizure after reversal of benzodiacepine treatment with flumazenil: a report of two cases. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih Taipei, 1994 Jun; 53(6): 383-7 (Abstract).
10. Samuelson PN, Reves JG, Kouchokos NT et al.: Hemodynamic responses to anesthetic induction with midazolam or diazepam in patients with ischemic heart disease. Anesth Analg 1981; 60: 802-9.
11. Ariano RE, Kassum DA, Aronson KJ: Comparison of sedative recovery time after with midazolam versus diazepam administration. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1492.
12. Shelly MP, Sultan MA, Bodenham A, et al. Midazolam infusions in critically ill patients. Eur J Anesth 1991; 8: 21.
13. Malacrida R, Fritz ME, Suter P, Crevoisier C. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam administered by continuous infusion to intensive care patients. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 1123.
14. Pohlman AS, Simpson KP, Hall JB. Continuous intravenous infusions of lorazepam versus midazolam for sedation during mechanical ventilatory support: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1241.
15. Blanco J, Martínez M, Collado J. Sedación con benzodiacepinas en el paciente grave. En: Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias. Sedación y analgesia en el paciente grave: EdikaMed, 1994; 39-56.
16. Lund N, Papadakos PJ. Barbiturates, neuroleptics, and propofol for sedation. Crit Care Clin 1995 Oct; 11(4): 875-886.
17. Pirttikkangas CO, Perttila J, Salo M. Propofol emulsion reduces proliferative responses of lymphocytes from intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med 1993; 19(5): 299-302.
18. Wiebalck A, Van-Aken H. Propofol: the ideal long-term sedative?. Anaesthesist 1995 Mar; 44(3): 178-85.
19. Simons PJ, Cochshott ID, Douglas EJ, et al. Blood concentrations, metabolism, and elimination after a subanesthetic intravenous dose of 14C-propofol (diprivan) to male volunteers. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61(suppl 3): 64.
20. Schuttler J, Stoeckel H, Schwilden H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic modelling of propofol (diprivan) in volunteers and surgical patients. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61 (suppl 3): 53.
21. Boyle W, Shear J, White P, et al. Long term sedative infusion in the intensive care unit: propofol versus midazolam. J Drug Dev 1991; 4: 43.
22. McMurray TJ, Collier PS, Carson IW, et al. Propofol sedation after open heart surgery: a clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Anesthesia 1990; 45: 322.
23. Cavazzuti M, Porro CA, Barberi A, et al: Brain and spinal cord metabolic activity during propofol anesthesia. Br J Anesth 1991; 66: 490.
24. Shalev A, Hermesh H, Munitz M. Mortality from neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatr 1989; 50: 18.
25. Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB, Greenbaum DM, Jacobi J, Nasraway SA. Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: An executive summary. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1596-1600.
26. Crippen DW. The role of sedation in the ICU patient with pain and agitation. Crit Care Clin 1990; 6: 369.
27. Riker RR, Fraser GL, Cox PM. Continuous infusion of haloperidol controls agitation in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med, 1994 Mar; 22(3): 433-40.
28. Gray PA, Park GR. Chlormethiazole sedation for critically ill patients in renal failure. Anaesthesia 1989; Nov, 4:11, 913-5.
29. Scott DB, Beamish D, Hudson IN, Jostell KG. Prolonged infusion of chlormethiazole in intensive care. Br J Anaesth, 1980; May, 52:5, 541-5.
30. Neuwelt EA, Kikuchi K, Hill SA, et al. Barbiturate inhibition of lymphocyte function. Differing effectos of various barbiturates used to induce coma. J Neurosurg 1982; 56: 254.
31. Rockoff MA, Marshall LF, Shapiro HM. High dose barbiturate therapy in humans: a clinical review of 60 patients. Ann Neurol 1979; 6: 194.
32. Frenkel C, Schüttler J, Ihmsen H, Heye H, Rommelsheim K. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol/alfentanil infusions for sedation in ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21: 981-8.
33. Breheny FX. Inorganic fluoride in prolonged isoflurane sedation. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 32-33.
34. Revell S, Greenhalgh D, Absalom SR, et al. Isofluorane in the treatment of asthma. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 477-479.
35. Entholzner E, Mielke L, Pichlmeier R, Weber F, Schneck H. EEG changes during sedation with gamma.hydroxybutyric acid. Anaesthesist, 1995 May; 44: 5, 345-350.
36. Dachs RJ, Innes GM. Intravenous ketamine sedation of pediatrics in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1997 Jan; 29: 1, 146-50.
37. Pruitt JW, Goldwasser MS, Sabol SR, Prstojevich SJ. Intramuscular ketamine, midazolam and glycopyrrolate for pediatric sedation in the emergency department. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1995 Jan; 53:1, 13-7.
38. Roelofse JA, Joubert JJ, Roelofse PG. A double-blind randomized comparison of midazolam alone and midazolam combined with ketamine for sedation of pediatric dental patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1996 Jul; 54:7, 838-44.
39. Qureshi FA, Mellis PT, McFadden. Efficacy of oral ketamine for providing sedation and analgesia to children requiring laceration repair. Pediatr Emerg Care, 1995 Apr; 11:2, 93-7.
40. Park GR, Manara AR, Mendl L, et al: Ketamine infusion. Anesthesia 1987, 42: 980-3.
41. Murai T, Kyoda N, Misaki T, Takada K, Sawada S, Machida T. Effectos of clonidine on intravenous sedation with midazolam. Anesth Prog 1995, 42: 3-4, 135-8.
42. Adam K, Oswald I. Sleep helps healing. Br Med J 1984; 289: 1400-1.
43. Teboul JL, Lénique F. ¿Cómo ventilar a un paciente afecto de edema pulmonar cardiogénico?. En Brochard L, Mancebo J. Réanimation: Ventilación artificial: principios y aplicaciones. Arnette Blackwell, 1996: 311-328.
44. Rivera R, Segnini M, Baltodano A, Pérez V. Midazolam in the treatment of status epilepticus in children. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 991-994.
45. Guo J, White JA, Batjer HH. Limited protective effects of etomidate during brainstem ischemia in dogs. J Neurosurg, 1995 Feb; 82(2): 278-83.
46. Kharasch M, Graff J. Emergency management of the airway. Crit Care Clinics 1995, Jan; 11 (1): 53-66.
47. Butterworth JF, Prough DS. Head trauma. En: Rippe JM, Irwin RS, Alpert JS, Fink MP. Little Brown, 1991; 1465.
48. Durbin CG. Sedation of the agitated, critically ill patient without an artificial airway. Crit Care Clinics, 1995 Oct; 11(4): 913-936.
49. Muriel Villoria C, Madrid Arias JL: Bases anatómicas, fisiológicas y biológicas del dolor. Teorías. Estudio y tratamiento del dolor agudo y crónico, tomo I, cap. 2. Ed. Libro del año, 1994.
50. Fields H, Martin JB: Dolor, fisiopatología y tratamiento: Harrison: Principios de Medicina Interna, 13ª ed., vol. I, cap. 11. Interamericana/ Mc Graw-Hill, 1994.
51. Bonica JJ: Anatomic and physiologic basis of nociception and pain: Bonica JJ, Loeser JD, Chapman CR, Fordyce WE: The management of pain, 2nd ed., vol I, chap. 3. Lea & Febiger, 1990.
52. Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, Van Huijzen C: Sinopsis y atlas del sistema nervioso central humano, 2ª ed. Ed. AC, 1990.
53. Blazier K: Dolor: Davison JK, Eckhardt WF III, Perese DA: Procedimientos de anestesia clínica del Massachusetts General Hospital, 2ª ed., cap 37. Masson - Little, Brown, 1995.
54. Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK: Management of acute postoperative pain. Handbook of clinical anesthesia, 2nd ed., chap. 41. J.B. Lippincott Company, 1993.
55. Muriel Villoria C, Madrid Arias JL: Tratamiento farmacológico del dolor. Analgésicos no opiáceos. Estudio y tratamiento del dolor agudo y crónico, tomo I, cap. 10. Ed. Libro del año, 1994.
56. Jaffe JH, Martin WR: Analgésicos y antagonistas opiáceos: Goodman Gilman A, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad S: Las bases farmacológicas de la terapéutica, 7ªed, cap. 22. Panamericana, 1989.
57. Aliaga L, Baños J, de Baturell C, Molet J, Rodriguez de la Serna A: Opiáceos y dolor postoperatorio. Dolor postoperatorio, cap. 3. Curso interactivo del dolor. Sanofi-Winthrop, 1996.
58. Glass PSA, Shafer SL, Jacobs JR, Reves JG: Intravenous opioids anesthetics: Miller RD, Cucchiara RF, Miller ED  Jr, Reves JG, Roizen MF, Savarese JJ: Anesthesia, 4th ed., vol I, chap. 12. Churchill Livingstone, 1994.
59. Chamorro C, Rubio JJ, Romera MA: Analgésicos generales en el paciente grave: Castañeda F.J: Sedación y analgesia en el paciente grave, cap. 1. Medicina crítica práctica. EDIKA MED-SEMIUC, 1994.
60. Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK: Opioids. Handbook of clinical anesthesia, 2nd ed., chap. 13. J.B. Lippincott Company, 1993.
61. Lennon P: Anestésicos intravenosos y por inhalación: Procedimientos de anestesia clínica del Massachusetts General Hospital, 2ª ed., cap 11. Masson - Little, Brown, 1995.
62. Aliaga L, Baños J, de Baturell C, Molet J, Rodriguez de la Serna A: AINE en el dolor postoperatorio. Dolor postoperatorio, cap. 2. Curso interactivo del dolor. Sanofi-Winthrop, 1996.
63. Flower RJ, Moncada S, Vane JR: Agentes analgésico antipiréticos y antiinflamatorios; drogas empleadas en el tratamiento de la gota: Goodman Gilman A, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad S: Las bases farmacológicas de la terapéutica, 7ªed, cap. 29. Panamericana, 1989.
64. Stevens DS, Edwards WT: Management of pain in the critically ill: Rippe JM, Irwin RS, Sink MP, Serra FB: Intensive care medicine, 3ª ed, chap. 167. Little brown, 1996.
65. Reves JG, Glass PSA, Lubarsky DA: Nonbarbiturate intravenous anesthetics: Miller RD, Cucchiara RF, Miller ED  Jr, Reves JG, Roizen MF, Savarese JJ: Anesthesia, 4th ed., vol I, chap. 11. Churchill Livingstone, 1994. 
66. Ready LB: Acute postoperative pain: Miller RD, Cucchiara RF, Miller ED  Jr, Reves JG, Roizen MF, Savarese JJ: Anesthesia, 4th ed., vol II, chap. 73. Churchill Livingstone, 1994.
67. Aliaga L, Baños J, de Baturell C, Molet J, Rodriguez de la Serna A: Técnicas especiales en el control del dolor postoperatorio: PCA intravenosa y vía espinal. Dolor postoperatorio, cap. 4. Curso interactivo del dolor. Sanofi-Winthrop, 1996.
68. Butterworth JF, Strichartz GR: Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: a review. Anesthesiol 1990; 72: 711-734
69. Santacana A,-Rillo E, Aliaga-Font L: EMLA: anestesia tópica de la piel. Un paso adelante en los estándares de la anestesia pediátrica. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1995; 42: 353-354
70. Cassinello F, Martín-Celemín R, Herrero E, Palencia J, De Stefano J, Perez-Gallardo A: Eficacia de la crema EMLA en la disminución del dolor a la venopunción en niños premedicados con midazolam oral. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1995; 42: 360-363
71. Ferrera PC, Chandler R: Anesthesia in the emergency setting: Part II. Head and neck, eye and rib injuries. Am Fam Physician 1994; 50 (4): 797-800
72. Atanassoff PG, Alon E, Weiss BM: Intercostal nerve block for lumpectomy: superior postoperative pain relief with bupivacaine. J Clin Anesth 1994; 6 (1): 47-51
73. Johnson MD, Mickler T, Arthur GR, Rosenburg S, Wilson R: Bupivacaine with and without epinephrine for intercostal nerve block. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1990; 4 (2): 200-203
74. Moore DC, Mather LE, Bridenbaugh PO, Bridenbaugh LD, Balfour RI, Lysons DF, Horton WG: Arterial and venous plasma levels of bupivacaine following epidural and intercostal nerve blocks. Anesthesiology 1976; 45 (1): 39-45
75. Moore DC: Intercostal nerve block for postoperative somatic pain following surgery of thorax and upper abdomen. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47 (Suppl): 284-286
76. Otto CW, Wall CL: Total spinal anesthesia: a rare complication of intrathoracic intercostal nerve block. Ann Thorac Surg 1976; 22 (3): 289-292
77. Muriel-Villoria C,  Madrid-Arias JL: Estudio y tratamiento del dolor agudo y crónico. Tomo I. pp 358.359. Ed. ELA. Madrid 1994
78. Ghanayem AJ, Bohlman HH: Transient paraplegia from intraoperative intercostal nerve block after transthoracic discectomy. Spine 1994; 19 (11) : 1294-1296
79. Löfgren A, Hahn RG: Hypokalemia from intercostal nerve block. Reg Anesth 1994; 19 (4): 247-254
80. Kvalheim L, Reiestad F: Intrapleural catheter in the management of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 1984; 61: A231
81. Gomar C, De Andres J, Calatrava P, Cabrer C, Nalda MA: An electronic device (Episensor) for detection of the interpleural space. Reg Anesth 1991; 16 (2): 112-115
82. Scott PV: Interpleural regional analgesia: detection of the interpleural space by saline infusion. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 131-133
83. Frank ED, McKay W, Rocco A, Gallo JP: Interpleural bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following cholecystectomy: a randomized prospective study. Reg Anesth 1990; 15 (1): 26-30
84. Giaufre E, Bruguerolle B, Rastello C, Coquet M, Lorec AM: New regimen for interpleural block in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1995; 5 (2): 125-128
85. Trivedi NS, Robalino J, Shevde K: Interplkeural block: a new technique for regional anaesthesia during percutaneous nephrostomy and nephrolithotomy. Can J Anaesth 1990; 37 (4): 479-481
86. Saied MM, Sonbul ZM, El-Kenawy M, Atallah MM: Spinal and interpleural bupivacaine for percutaneous neprholithotomy. Middle East J Anesthesiol 1991; 11 (3): 259-264
87. Shinohara K, Iwama H, Akama Y, Tase C: Interpleural block for patients with multiple rib fractures: comparison with epidural block. J Emerg Med 1994; 12 (4): 441-446
88. Bachmann-Mennenga B, Biscoping J, Kuhn DF, Schurg R, Ryan B, Erkens U, Hempelmann G: Intercostal nerve block, interpleural analgesia, thoracic epidural block or systemis opioid application for pain relief after thoracotomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1993; 7 (1): 12-18
89. Aguilar JL, Montero A, Vidal-Lopez F, Llamazares JF: Bilateral interpleural injection of local anesthetics. Reg Anesth 1989; 14 (2): 93-94
90. Blake DW, Dounan G, Neville J: Interpleural administration of bupivacaine after cholecystectomy: a comparison with intercostal nerve block. Anaesth Intensive Cate 1989; 17 (3): 269-274
91. Kowalski SE, Bradley BD, Greengrass RA, Freedman J, Younes MK: Effects of interpleural bupivacaine (0.5%) on canine diaphragmatic function. Anesth Analg 1992; 75 (3): 400-404
92. Conzemius MG, Brockman DJ, King LG, Perkowski SZ: Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a clinical trial comparing intravenous buprenorphine and interpleural bupivacaine. Vet Surg 1994; 23 (4): 291-298
93. Stobie D, Caywood DD, Rozanski EA, Bing DR, Dhokarikar P, Raffe MR, Kannan MS, King VL, Hegstad RL, Randall DA: Evaluation of pulmonary function and analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy and use of morphine administered intramuscullary or intrapleurally and bupivacaine administered intrapleurally. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56 (8): 1098-1109
94. Frank ED, McKay W, Rocco A, Gallo JP: Interpleural bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following cholecystectomy: a randomized prospective study. Reg Anesth 1990; 15 (1): 26-30
95. Holland R, Anderson B, Watson T, McCall E: Introduction of continuous regional techniques for postoperative paediatrics patients: one years’ experience from two hospitals. N Z Med J 1994; 107 (973): 80-82
96. Abdulatif M, al-Ghamdi A, Gyamfi YA, el-Sanabary M, al-Metwally R: Can pre-emptive interpleural block reduce perioperative anesthetic and analgesic requirements?. Reg Anesth 1995; 20 (4): 296-302
97. Rademaker BM, Sih IL, Kalkman CJ, Henny CP, Filedt Kok JC, Endert E, Zuurmond WW: Effects of interpleurally administered bupivacaine 0.5% on opioid analgesic requirements and endocrine response during and after cholecystectomy: a randomized double-blind controlled study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991; 35 (2): 108-112
98. Sánchez-Conde P, Nicolás JL: Dolor agudo postoperatorio: Muriel Villoria C, Madrid Arias JL: Estudio y tratamiento del dolor agudo y crónico, tomo II, cap. 31. Ed. Libro del año, 1994.
99. Aliaga L, Baños J, de Baturell C, Molet J, Rodriguez de la Serna A: Fisiopatología del dolor postoperatorio. ¿Es necesario tratar el dolor postoperatorio?: Dolor postoperatorio, cap. 1. Curso interactivo del dolor. Sanofi-Winthrop, 1996.
100. de Latorre FJ: Sedoanalgesia del paciente con insuficiencia respiratoria y ventilación mecánica: Castañeda F.J: Sedación y analgesia en el paciente grave, cap. 6. Medicina crítica práctica. EDIKA MED-SEMIUC, 1994.
101. de Frutos M, Indarte A: Sedación y analgesia en el paciente politraumatizado y postoperado en respiración espontánea: Castañeda F.J: Sedación y analgesia en el paciente grave, cap. 7. Medicina crítica práctica. EDIKA MED-SEMIUC, 1994.
102. Murillo F, Muñoz MA, Dominguez JM: Sedación en el paciente neuroquirúrgico y neurotraumatizado: Castañeda F.J: Sedación y analgesia en el paciente grave, cap. 8. Medicina crítica práctica. EDIKA MED-SEMIUC, 1994.
103. Zubillaga S, Lorente JA, Esteban A: Analgesia y sedación en el paciente quemado: Castañeda F.J: Sedación y analgesia en el paciente grave, cap. 10. Medicina crítica práctica. EDIKA MED-SEMIUC, 1994.
104. Avramov MN, White PF: Methods for monitoring the level of sedation: Critical Care Clinics 1995 Oct; 11(4): 803-826.
105. Muriel Villoria C, Madrid Arias JL: Medición y valoración del dolor. Sistemas de inteligencia de aplicación en el dolor: Estudio y tratamiento del dolor agudo y crónico, tomo I, cap. 3. Ed. Libro del año, 1994.